Applied Inorganic Chemistry. Volume 1: From Construction Materials to Technical Gases PDF
Preview Applied Inorganic Chemistry. Volume 1: From Construction Materials to Technical Gases
RainerPöttgen,ThomasJüstel,CristianA.Strassert(Eds.) AppliedInorganicChemistry Also of interest AppliedInorganicChemistry Volume:FromEnergyStoragetoPhotofunctionalMaterials RainerPöttgen,ThomasJüstel,CristianA.Strassert(Eds.), ISBN----,e-ISBN---- AppliedInorganicChemistry Volume:FromMagnetictoBioactiveMaterials RainerPöttgen,ThomasJüstel,CristianA.Strassert(Eds.), ISBN----,e-ISBN---- Intermetallics Synthesis,Structure,Function RainerPöttgen,DirkJohrendt, ISBN----,e-ISBN---- RareEarthChemistry RainerPöttgen,ThomasJüstel,CristianA.Strassert(Eds.), ISBN----,e-ISBN---- ZeitschriftfürKristallographie-CrystallineMaterials RainerPöttgen(Editor-in-Chief) ISSN-,e-ISSN- Applied Inorganic Chemistry Volume 1: From Construction Materials to Technical Gases Edited by Rainer Pöttgen, Thomas Jüstel, Cristian A. Strassert Editors Prof.Dr.RainerPöttgen Prof.Dr.CristianA.Strassert InstitutfürAnorganischeundAnalytischeChemie InstitutfürAnorganischeundAnalytische WestfälischeWilhelms-UniversitätMünster Chemie Corrensstraße30 CiMIC–CeNTech–SoN 48149Münster WestfälischeWilhelms-UniversitätMünster Germany Corrensstraße28/30 E-mail:[email protected] 48149Münster Germany Prof.Dr.ThomasJüstel E-mail:[email protected] FachbereichChemieingenieurwesen FachhochschuleMünster Stegerwaldstraße39 48565Steinfurt Germany E-mail:[email protected] Thisbookwascarefullyproduced.Nevertheless,theauthorsandthepublisherdonotwarrantthe informationcontainedhereintobefreeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsorotheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate. ISBN978-3-11-073814-8 e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-073314-3 e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-073332-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2022935001 BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de. ©2023WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston Coverimage:ZementwerkGeseke,HeidelbergCementAG/SteffenFuchs Typesetting:IntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd. Printingandbinding:CPIbooksGmbH,Leck www.degruyter.com Preface The Periodic Table meanwhile lists 118 chemical elements, which leads to a vast numberofinorganiccompounds.Manyofthemhavewell-definedphysicochemical properties, which are exploited for the realization of functional materials we all comfortably use in daily life without even thinking about it, including magnetic andopticalmaterials,constructionmaterials,materialsforenergystorageandcon- version–justtonameafewremarkableexamples.Theimpactofinorganicchemis- try in human evolution cannot be overstated, and is proven by the designation of historical ages, such as stone, copper, bronze or iron age (even golden ages and goldrush),orbygeographicallocations(suchastheSiliconValleyandArgentina). While carbon-based organic chemistry has provided incredible breakthroughs in medicinalchemistryandplasticmaterials,thereisnodoubtthatthesolutionofthe mosturgentproblemscurrentlyfacedbyhumanitywillstemfrominorganicchem- istry providing high-density/high-stability materials for construction, information technologies,energystorageandconversion. Chemicalsciencesandindustriesareoftendemonized,butthemanyindispens- able materials we use in daily life impressively show how significantly they influ- ence our society. Ecosystems, metabolic and pathophysiological processes, food production,constructioninits broadestsense, mobilityandenergy conversionare determinedbychemistry–thesefactscannotsimplybeignored!Thepresentbook summarizesthemanybasicexamplesofinorganicmaterialsweuseonalargescale in everyday life, but also niche products with thoroughly optimized properties. Many subchapters are written by experts from academia and industry. We tried to ensure a proper balance of topics, even though it is simply impossible to cover all aspectsofappliedinorganicchemistry.Nonetheless,wehopethatwemadeagood compromise – if any topic is missing, this wasunintentional. The final chapter fo- cusses on energy flows and resources, which constitutes one of the most urgent topics. As a kind of appetizer for the following 16 chapters, we briefly summarize someapplicationsfortheelementsofthefirstfourrowsofthePeriodicTable.Sev- eralofthesetopicsarepickedupagaininthefollowingchapters: Hydrogen: energy source; helium: low-temperature refrigerant; ballon gas, lithium: anode materials for lithium-ion batteries; beryllium: hardening compo- nent for light-weight alloys, non-spark alloys, X-ray windows; boron: hardening component for intermetallics; carbon: electrode materials, black pigment; nitro- gen: source for ammonia and nitrate fertilizers, protective gas, low-temperature cooling; oxygen: medical gas, liquid oxygen for the Linz-Donauwitzer process in steel refinement; fluorine: uranium hexafluoride production; neon: helium-neon lasers; sodium: reducing agent; magnesium: alloying component and sacrificial anodes; aluminum: light-weight alloys, construction material; silicon: semicon- ductors;phosphorus:synthesisofphosphoricacid;matches;sulfur:vulcanizationof rubber; chlorine: disinfection of water;argon:protectivegas inchemical synthesis https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110733143-202 VI Preface and arc-welding; potassium:liquid sodium-potassiumalloysascoolantsinnuclear reactors;calcium:reducingagentinmetallurgy;scandium:additiveforaluminum- basedalloys,componentofelectronemitters;titanium:steeladditive,corrosionre- sistant alloys; vanadium: high-speed tool steels; chromium: stainless steel and chromiumplating; manganese:ferromanganese,activator inLED phosphors; iron: steelandcastiron;cobalt:superalloysandsamarium-cobaltmagnets;nickel:cataly- sisandanti-corrosioncoatings;copper:cablesandwatertubes;zinc:facadecladding, corrosionprotection;gallium:galliumnitride,phosphideorarsenidesemiconductors; germanium:semiconductorsanddetectiontechnology;arsenic:dopingof semicon- ductors;selenium:II-VIsemiconductorsandalloyadditivefor free cuttingsteel;bro- mine:specialdisinfectionproductsandsynthesisofflameretardants;krypton:excimer lasers,KrClexcimerdischargelamps.Thereadermightnoticethattransitionmetalsand lanthanidesarenotevenmentionedhere;therewouldnotbesufficientspaceinapref- acetolisttheirimpact! Such a book project is not realizable without the help of numerous colleagues and co-workers. We thank Gudrun Lübbering for continuous help with literature searchand text processingand ThomasFickenscher for providing withmanypho- tos of materials and devices. We are especially grateful to our colleagues for their immediateagreementstowriteupasubchapter.Itisalwayschallengingtocompile a concise Table of Contents and find the right co-authors. We are indebted to the editorialandproductionstaffofDeGruyter.OurparticularthanksgotoKristinBer- ber-Nerlinger, Dr. Vivien Schubert and Melanie Götz for their continuous support duringconception,writingandproducingthepresentbook. Münster,Steinfurt,June2022 ThomasJüstel,RainerPöttgen,CristianA.Strassert Thisbookcontainstwodifferenttokens,pointingto: listofreferences recommended literature for further reading; i.e. relevant text books, re- viewarticlesorimportantoriginalarticles Contents Volume1 (FromConstructionMaterials toTechnicalGases) Preface V Listofcontributors XV 1 Constructionmaterialsandcoatings 1 1.1 Basicsofcementchemistry 1 PeterBoos 1.2 Inorganicinsulationmaterials 21 RainerPöttgen,ThomasFickenscher 1.3 Conservation:siliconchemistryinbuildingprotection 29 MarkusBoos 1.4 Inorganicpigments 47 SaschaBroll,RainerPöttgen,CristianA.Strassert 1.5 Anodizedaluminumandparticlecoatings 59 ThomasJüstel,KonstantinLider 1.6 Vitreousenamel 78 JörgWendel 1.7 Flameretardants 96 AndreasTermath 2 Metalsandintermetallics 113 2.1 Resources:ores,recyclingandurbanmining 113 MartinBertau 2.2 Specialsteelsandalloysforindustrialuse 123 RainerBehrens 2.3 Metalliclight-weightalloys:Al,Ti,Mg 158 OliverJanka VIII Contents 2.4 Copperandcopperalloys 174 BerndE.Langner 2.5 Soldermaterialsinelectronics 192 JörgTrodler 2.6 Metalliccoatings 207 RalfFeser 2.7 BeandBealloys 221 MagnusBuchner,OliverJanka 2.8 Metalsforimplantsandprosthesis 229 DetlefBehrend,MareikeWarkentin 2.9 Preciousmetals 237 EgbertLox,OliverNiehaus 2.10 Shapememoryalloys 255 StefanEngel,OliverJanka 2.11 Bulkmetallicglasses 265 StefanEngel,OliverJanka 3 Technicalglasses 271 3.1 Ultra-strongglassesandglass-ceramicsandbioactive materials 271 HellmutEckert,MartinLetz 3.2 Specialglassesforopticalandelectricaldeviceapplications 294 MartinLetz,HellmutEckert 3.3 Glassfibers 316 FlorianWinter 4 Technicalgases 331 MartinV.Dewalsky,RainerPöttgen Subjectindex 347 Formulaindex 357 Contents IX Volume2(FromEnergyStoragetoPhotofunctionalMaterials) 5 Energystorageandconversion 5.1 Batterymaterials MichaelGhidiu,TheodoorHendriks,WolfgangZeier 5.2 Magnetocaloricmaterials YaroslavMudryk,VitalijK.Pecharsky 5.3 Materialsforthermoelectricdevices AnanyaBanik,MatthiasAgne,WolfgangZeier 5.4 Hydrogenstoragematerials HolgerKohlmann,LeonhardYuutaDorsch 5.5 Solarcellmaterials KonradMertens 5.6 Thermalenergystoragematerials ThomasBauer 5.7 High-energymaterials ThomasM.Klapötke 5.8 Nuclearmaterials NilsHaneklaus 6 Ionicsolids 6.1 Ressources:minerals,recyclingandurbanmining MartinBertau,PeterFröhlich,SandraPavón 6.2 Phosphates RobertGlaum,ThomasStaffel 6.3 Borateapplications HubertHuppertz,RaimundZiegler 6.4 Slagsasmaterialsressource OliverJanka,MartinBertau,RainerPöttgen
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