Applied Inorganic Chemistry

527 Pages·2023·10.214 MB·English

by  Rainer Pöttgen, Thomas Jüstel, Cristian A. Strassert

RainerPöttgen,ThomasJüstel,CristianA.Strassert(Eds.)
AppliedInorganicChemistry
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Applied Inorganic
Chemistry
Volume 2: From Energy Storage
to Photofunctional Materials
Edited by
Rainer Pöttgen, Thomas Jüstel, Cristian A. Strassert
Editors
Prof.Dr.RainerPöttgen Prof.Dr.CristianA.Strassert
InstitutfürAnorganischeundAnalytischeChemie InstitutfürAnorganischeundAnalytischeChemie
WestfälischeWilhelms-UniversitätMünster CiMIC–CeNTech–SoN
Corrensstraße30 WestfälischeWilhelms-UniversitätMünster
48149Münster Corrensstraße28/30
Germany 48149Münster
E-mail:[email protected] Germany
E-mail:[email protected]
Prof.Dr.ThomasJüstel
FachbereichChemieingenieurwesen
FachhochschuleMünster
Stegerwaldstraße39
48565Steinfurt
Germany
E-mail:[email protected]
Thisbookwascarefullyproduced.Nevertheless,theauthorsandthepublisherdonotwarrantthe
informationcontainedhereintobefreeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat
statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailorotheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate.
ISBN978-3-11-079878-4
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-079889-0
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-079900-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2022935001
BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de.
©2023WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston
Coverimage:LiYF :Pr3+lasercrystal,DanutaDutczak/ThomasJüstel
4
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Preface
The Periodic Table meanwhile lists 118 chemical elements, which leads to a vast
numberofinorganiccompounds.Manyofthemhavewell-definedphysicochemical
properties, which are exploited for the realization of functional materials we all
comfortably use in daily life without even thinking about it, including magnetic
andopticalmaterials,constructionmaterials,materialsforenergystorageandcon-
version–justtonameafewremarkableexamples.Theimpactofinorganicchemis-
try in human evolution cannot be overstated, and is proven by the designation of
historical ages, such as stone, copper, bronze or iron age (even golden ages and
goldrush),orbygeographicallocations(suchastheSiliconValleyandArgentina).
While carbon-based organic chemistry has provided incredible breakthroughs in
medicinalchemistryandplasticmaterials,thereisnodoubtthatthesolutionofthe
mosturgentproblemscurrentlyfacedbyhumanitywillstemfrominorganicchem-
istry providing high-density/high-stability materials for construction, information
technologies,energystorageandconversion.
Chemicalsciencesandindustriesareoftendemonized,butthemanyindispens-
able materials we use in daily life impressively show how significantly they influ-
ence our society. Ecosystems, metabolic and pathophysiological processes, food
production,constructioninits broadestsense, mobilityandenergy conversionare
determinedbychemistry–thesefactscannotsimplybeignored!Thepresentbook
summarizesthemanybasicexamplesofinorganicmaterialsweuseonalargescale
in everyday life, but also niche products with thoroughly optimized properties.
Many subchapters are written by experts from academia and industry. We tried to
ensure a proper balance of topics, even though it is simply impossible to cover all
aspectsofappliedinorganicchemistry.Nonetheless,wehopethatwemadeagood
compromise – if any topic is missing, this wasunintentional. The final chapter fo-
cusses on energy flows and resources, which constitutes one of the most urgent
topics. As a kind of appetizer for the following 16 chapters, we briefly summarize
someapplicationsfortheelementsofthefirstfourrowsofthePeriodicTable.Sev-
eralofthesetopicsarepickedupagaininthefollowingchapters:
Hydrogen: energy source; helium: low-temperature refrigerant; ballon gas,
lithium: anode materials for lithium-ion batteries; beryllium: hardening compo-
nent for light-weight alloys, non-spark alloys, X-ray windows; boron: hardening
component for intermetallics; carbon: electrode materials, black pigment; nitro-
gen: source for ammonia and nitrate fertilizers, protective gas, low-temperature
cooling; oxygen: medical gas, liquid oxygen for the Linz-Donauwitzer process in
steel refinement; fluorine: uranium hexafluoride production; neon: helium-neon
lasers; sodium: reducing agent; magnesium: alloying component and sacrificial
anodes; aluminum: light-weight alloys, construction material; silicon: semicon-
ductors;phosphorus:synthesisofphosphoricacid;matches;sulfur:vulcanization
ofrubber;chlorine:disinfectionofwater;argon:protectivegasinchemicalsynthesis
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110798890-202
VI Preface
and arc-welding; potassium:liquid sodium-potassiumalloysascoolantsinnuclear
reactors;calcium:reducingagentinmetallurgy;scandium:additiveforaluminum-
basedalloys,componentofelectronemitters;titanium:steeladditive,corrosionre-
sistant alloys; vanadium: high-speed tool steels; chromium: stainless steel and
chromiumplating; manganese:ferromanganese,activator inLED phosphors; iron:
steel and cast iron; cobalt: superalloys and samarium-cobalt magnets; nickel: ca-
talysis and anti-corrosion coatings; copper: cables and water tubes; zinc: facade
cladding,corrosionprotection;gallium:galliumnitride,phosphideorarsenidesemi-
conductors;germanium:semiconductorsanddetectiontechnology;arsenic:doping
ofsemiconductors;selenium:II-VIsemiconductorsandalloyadditiveforfreecutting
steel; bromine: special disinfection products and synthesis of flame retardants;
krypton:excimerlasers,KrClexcimerdischargelamps.Thereadermightnoticethat
transition metals and lanthanidesare not evenmentioned here; there would not be
sufficientspaceinaprefacetolisttheirimpact!
Such a book project is not realizable without the help of numerous colleagues
and co-workers. We thank Gudrun Lübbering for continuous help with literature
searchand text processingand ThomasFickenscher for providing withmanypho-
tos of materials and devices. We are especially grateful to our colleagues for their
immediateagreementstowriteupasubchapter.Itisalwayschallengingtocompile
a concise Table of Contents and find the right co-authors. We are indebted to the
editorialandproductionstaffofDeGruyter.OurparticularthanksgotoKristinBer-
ber-Nerlinger, Dr. Vivien Schubert and Melanie Götz for their continuous support
duringconception,writingandproducingthepresentbook.
Münster,Steinfurt,June2022
ThomasJüstel,RainerPöttgen,CristianA.Strassert
Thisbookcontainstwodifferenttokens,pointingto:
listofreferences
recommended literature for further reading; i.e. relevant text books, re-
viewarticlesorimportantoriginalarticles
Contents
Volume2(FromEnergyStoragetoPhotofunctionalMaterials)
Preface V
Listofcontributors XV
5 Energystorageandconversion 1
5.1 Batterymaterials 1
MichaelGhidiu,TheodoorHendriks,WolfgangZeier
5.2 Magnetocaloricmaterials 12
YaroslavMudryk,VitalijK.Pecharsky
5.3 Materialsforthermoelectricdevices 26
AnanyaBanik,MatthiasAgne,WolfgangZeier
5.4 Hydrogenstoragematerials 39
HolgerKohlmann,LeonhardDorsch
5.5 Solarcellmaterials 54
KonradMertens
5.6 Thermalenergystoragematerials 69
ThomasBauer
5.7 High-energymaterials 81
ThomasM.Klapötke
5.8 Nuclearmaterials 96
NilsHaneklaus
6 Ionicsolids 101
6.1 Resources:minerals,recyclingandurbanmining 101
MartinBertau,PeterFröhlich,SandraPavón
6.2 Phosphates 131
RobertGlaum,ThomasStaffel
VIII Contents
6.3 Borateapplications 153
HubertHuppertz,RaimundZiegler
6.4 Slagsasmaterialsresource 166
OliverJanka,MartinBertau,RainerPöttgen
6.5 Saltsinnutritionproducts 179
HeikoHayen
6.6 Fertilizers 192
RobertGlaum
6.7 Naturalandsyntheticgemstones 218
LotharAckermann,TomStephan
7 Catalyticandactiveframeworkmaterials 233
7.1 Homogeneouscatalysis 233
MarkusSeifert,JanJ.Weigand
7.2 Heterogeneouscatalysts 264
KlausStöwe
7.3 Zeolitesforionexchange,adsorptionandcatalysis 279
HubertKoller
7.4 Metal-organicframeworks 304
ChristophJaniak
8 Photofunctionalmaterials 313
8.1 Solid-statelightingmaterials 313
ThomasJüstel,FlorianBaur
8.2 Upconverters 331
FlorianBaur,ThomasJüstel
8.3 OrganometallicIr(III)andPt(II)complexesinphosphorescent
OLEDs:anindustrialperspective 342
IlonaStengel,StefanSchramm