Applied hydrodynamics : an introduction to ideal and real fluid flows

462 Pages·2009·14.282 MB·English

by  Hubert Chanson

Applied Hydrodynamics
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Dedication/Dédicace
To Ya Hui.
Pour Bernard, Nicole et André.

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Applied Hydrodynamics:
An Introduction to Ideal
and Real Fluid Flows
Hubert Chanson
ProfessorofCivilEngineering,SchoolofEngineering,
TheUniversityofQueensland,BrisbaneQLD4072,Australia

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press
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Version Date: 20110727
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© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Table of Contents
ListofSymbols VII
Acknowledgements XI
AbouttheAuthor XIII
1 Introduction 1
2 FundamentalEquations 7
PartI IrrotationalFlowMotionofIdealFluid
I-1 IntroductiontoIdealFluidFlows 17
I-2 IdealFluidFlowsandIrrotationalFlowMotion 29
I-3 Two-DimensionalFlows(1)BasicEquationsandFlowAnalogies 55
I-4 Two-DimensionalFlows(2)BasicFlowPatterns 81
I-5 ComplexPotential,VelocityPotentialandJoukowskiTransformation 137
I-6 JoukowskiTransformation,TheoremofKutta-Joukowskiand
LiftForceonAirfoil 167
I-7 TheoremofSchwarz-Christoffel,FreeStreamlinesandApplications 185

PartII RealFluidFlows:TheoryandApplications
II-1 Introduction 229
II-2 Turbulence:AnIntroduction 241
II-3 BoundaryLayerTheory–ApplicationtoLaminarBoundary
LayerFlows 265
II-4 TurbulentBoundaryLayers 295
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
VI TableofContents
AppendixA Glossary 331
AppendixB ConstantsandFluidProperties 357
AppendixC UnitConversions 363
AppendixD Mathematics 367
AppendixE TheSoftware2DFlow+ 381
AppendixF WhirlpoolsintheWorld 383
AppendixG ExamplesofCivilEngineeringStructuresinthe
AtmosphericBoundaryLayer 389
AppendixH BoundaryShearStressMeasurementswithPitotTubes 397
AssignmentA ApplicationtotheDesignoftheAlcyone2 399
AssignmentB ApplicationstoCivilDesignontheGoldCoast 405
AssignmentC WindFlowPastaSeriesofCircularBuildings 413
AssignmentD PrototypeFreighterTesting 417
References 421
CitationIndex 439
SubjectIndex 441
Suggestion/CorrectionForm 447

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
List of Symbols
A cross-sectionarea(m2);
C celerity(m/s);
C dragcoefficient;
D
Drag
C = foratwo-dimensionalobject;
D 1
×ρ×V2 ×chord
2 O
C liftcoefficient;
L
Lift
C = foratwo-dimensionalobject;
L 1
×ρ×V2 ×chord
2 O
C contractioncoefficient;
c
C dischargecoefficient;
d
C energylosscoefficient;
v
D hydraulicdiameter(m):
H
cross−sectionalarea 4×A
D =4× =
H wettedperimeter P
w
d flowdepth(m);
e internalenergyperunitmass(J/kg);
F pressureforce(N);
p
F volumeforce(N);
v
f Darcycoefficient(orheadlosscoefficient,frictionfactor);
f viscousforce(N);
visc
g gravityconstant(m/s2):g=9.80m/s2(inBrisbane);
H 1.totalhead(m)definedas:
P V2
H= +z+
ρ×g 2×g

2.piezometrichead(m)definedas:
P
H= +z
ρ×g
h height(m);
K 1.vortexstrength(m2/s)orcirculation;
2.hydraulicconductivity(m/s);
k permeability(m2);
k constantofproportionality;
k equivalentsandroughnessheight(m);
s
L length(m);
P absolutepressure(Pa);
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
VIII ListofSymbols
P dynamicpressure(Pa);
d
P staticpressure(Pa);
s
Q discharge(m3/s);
q dischargepermeterwidth(m2/s);
R 1.circleradius(m);
2.cylinderradius(m);
R radius(m);
1
Ro gasconstant:Ro=8.3143J/Kmole;
r polarradialcoordinate(m);
T thermodynamic(orabsolute)temperature(K);
U volumeforcepotential;
V velocity(m/s);
v specificvolume(m3/kg):
1
v=
ρ
W complexpotential:W=φ+i×ψ;
w complexvelocity:w=−V +i×V ;
x y
x Cartesiancoordinate(m);
y Cartesiancoordinate(m);
z 1.altitude(m);
2.complexnumber(Chapters5&6);
φ velocitypotential(m2/s);
(cid:1) circulation(m2/s);
γ specificheatratio:
C
γ= p
C
v
µ 1.strengthofdoublet(m3/s);
2.dynamicviscosity(N.s/m2orPa.s);
ν kinematicviscosity(m2/s):
µ
ν=
ρ
π π=3.141592653589793238462643;
θ polarcoordinate(radian);
ρ density(kg/m3);
σ surfacetension(N/m);
τ shearstress(Pa);
τ averageshearstress(Pa);
o
ω 1.speedofrotation(rad/s);
2.hydrodynamicfrequency(Hz)ofvortexshedding;
−→
(cid:2) streamfunctionvector;foratwo-dimensionalflowinthe{x,y}plane:
−→
(cid:2) =(0,0,ψ);
ψ two-dimensionalflowstreamfunction(m2/s);
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ListofSymbols IX
Subscript
n normalcomponent;
o referenceconditions:e.g.,free-streamflowconditions;
r radialcomponent;
s streamwisecomponent;
x x-component;
y u-component;
z z-component;
θ ortho-radialcomponent;
Notes
1. Wateratatmosphericpressureand20.2Celsiushasakinematicviscosityof
exactly10−6m2/s.
2. Waterincontactwithairhasasurfacetensionofabout0.073N/m.
Dimensionlessnumbers
Ca Cauchynumber(Henderson1966):
ρ×V2
Ca= whereE isthefluidcompressibility;
E co
CO
C dragcoefficientforastructuralshape:
D
τ shearstress
C = o =
D 1 dynamicpressure
×ρ×V2
2
whereτ istheshearstress(Pa);
O
Note:othernotationsincludeC andC;
d f
Fr Reech-Froudenumber:
V
Fr=(cid:1)
g×d
charac
Note:someauthorsusethenotation:
Fr= V2 = ρ×V2×A =inertialforce
g×d ρ×g×A×d weight
charac charac
M Sarrau-Machnumber:
V
M=
C
Nu Nusseltnumber:
h ×d heattransferbyconvection
Nu= t charac =
λ heattransferbyconduction
whereh istheheattransfercoefficient(W/m2/K)andλisthethermalconductivity
t
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
X ListofSymbols
Re Reynoldsnumber:
V×d inertialforces
Re= charac =
ν viscousforces
Re∗ shearReynoldsnumber:
V∗×k
Re∗= s
ν
St Strouhalnumber:
ω×d
St= charac
V
o
We Webernumber:
V2 inertialforces
We= σ =
surfacetensionforces
ρ×d
charac
Note:someauthorsusethenotation:
V
We=(cid:2)
σ
ρ×d
charac
Comments
The variable d characterises the geometric characteristic length (e.g. pipe
charac
diameter,flowdepth,spherediameter,...).

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC