Applications of Laser-Plasma Interactions PDF
Preview Applications of Laser-Plasma Interactions
Applications of Laser–Plasma Interactions Series in Plasma Physics Series Editor: Steve Cowley, Imperial College, UK and UCLA, USA Other recent books in the series: High Power Microwaves, Second Edition J Benford, J A Swegle and E Schamiloglu Controlled Fusion and Plasma Physics K Miyamoto Plasma Electronics: Applications in Microelectronic Device Fabrication T Makabe and Z Petrovi´c An Introduction to Inertial Confinement Fusion S Pfalzner Aspects of Anomalous Transport in Plasmas R Balescu Non-Equilibrium Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure K H Becker, R J Barker and K H Schoenbach (Eds) Magnetohydrodynamic Waves in Geospace: The Theory of ULF Waves and their Interaction with Energetic Particles in the Solar-Terrestrial Environment A D M Walker Plasma Physics via Computer Simulation (paperback edition) C K Birdsall and A B Langdon Plasma Waves, Second Edition D G Swanson Microscopic Dynamics of Plasmas and Chaos Y Elskens and D Escande Plasma and Fluid Turbulence: Theory and Modelling A Yoshizawa, S-I Itoh and K Itoh The Interaction of High-Power Lasers with Plasmas S Eliezer Introduction to Dusty Plasma Physics P K Shukla and A A Mamun The Theory of Photon Acceleration J T Mendonça Laser Aided Diagnostics of Plasmas and Gases K Muraoka and M Maeda Series in Plasma Physics Applications of Laser–Plasma Interactions Edited by Shalom Eliezer Soreq Nuclear Research Center Israel Kunioki Mima Osaka University Japan Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business A TAYLOR & FRANCIS BOOK CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-7604-7 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can- not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy- right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Applications of laser plasma interactions / Shalom Eliezer, Kunioki Mima. p. cm. -- (Series in plasma physics) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8493-7604-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. High power lasers--Industrial applications. 2. X-ray lasers--Industrial applications. 3. Laser-plasma interactions. 4. Laser fusion. I. Eliezer, Shalom. II. Mima, Kunioki. III. Title. IV. Series. TA1677.A67 2009 621.36’6--dc22 2008044198 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com It is an honor for us to dedicate this book to the pioneers of laser fusion and high-power laser applications: Professors Chiyoe Yamanaka, Yoshiaki Kato, Toshiki Tajima, Guillermo Velarde, Jose M. Martinez Val, and Manuel Perlado. Contents Foreword ......................................................................................................ix Preface ..........................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments ....................................................................................xiii Editors .........................................................................................................xv Contributors .............................................................................................xvii 1. Inertial Fusion Energy .......................................................................1 Kunioki Mima, Masakatsu Murakami, Sadao Nakai, and Shalom Eliezer 2. Accelerators .......................................................................................53 James Koga 3. X-Ray Sources ....................................................................................81 Hiroaki Nishimura 4. X-Ray Lasers ....................................................................................115 Hiroyuki Daido, Tetsuya Kawachi, Kengo Moribayashi, and Alexander Pirozhkov 5. Nuclear and Particle Physics with Ultraintense Lasers ............143 José Tito Mendonça and Shalom Eliezer 6. Equations of State ...........................................................................181 Shalom Eliezer and Zohar Henis 7. Material Processing with Femtosecond Lasers ..........................243 Masayuki Fujita 8. Nanoparticles Induced by Femtosecond Lasers .........................255 Shalom Eliezer Index ..........................................................................................................277 vii Foreword This book is about the practical use of laser interactions with the fourth state of matter: plasma. This is the story of the coherent interactions of photons with electrons and ions. Both the laser and the plasma have unique properties that offer a multitude of applications through their interactions. The most important match between laser and plasma would be the solution of the energy problem for mankind. If this could be realized even by the middle of this century, then all the intellectual effort on this project would be one of the greatest achievements of laser–plasma applications. Without energy, the human society cannot be sustained. Energy sources can be divided into two categories: the good and the bad. The good, that is, the use of economic solar energy on a large scale; nuclear fusion energy from inertial fusion and magnetic fusion; and a safe, secure nuclear fuel cycle for fi ssion reactors are still not available. The bad, that is, the present major source, fossil fuels, may cause irreversible damage to our planet. Laser has the ability to deliver a wide range of energy densities during various time durations. For example, present laser technology can provide a mega-joule of energy into a space of about a millimeter cube during a time duration of nanoseconds, while, with femtosecond lasers, the power of a petta-watt can be achieved on a scale with dimensions of microns. Plasma can cover very wide density and temperature ranges that extend over many orders of magnitudes. Plasma has the advantage over other matter because it does not break or disintegrate when heated to extreme temperatures or when applied to strong electromagnetic fi elds. This makes plasma a good and interesting companion for the high-power laser in multiple applications. Other applications in this book are diverse enough to justify multiple laser–plasma relationships. Due to the “unbreakable” plasma in very high electric fi elds, this relationship may lead us to the ultimate accelerator. The laser is capable of stripping every atom from any electron number it desires, including stripping off the 92 electrons from uranium. This makes the “laser– plasma couple” an extremely useful candidate for x-ray sources. Even a coherent x-ray laser has been achieved under laser–plasma interactions. The equation of state of matter is also analyzed at very high pressures and high energy densities with the help of the laser. Today, a very popular research fi eld in applications of high-power lasers is the nano particle matter produced by lasers. The nano particles have been created recently through laser–mat- ter interactions. As is well known, basic research is used for application purposes. In our book, the application of the laser–plasma couple is used for carrying out basic research. This includes nuclear physics, elementary particle physics, and basic quantum mechanics. ix
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