Applications of Cryogenic Technology PDF
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Applications of Cryogenic Technology Volume 10 Applications of Cryogenic Technology Volume 10 Edited by J. Patrick Kelley SURAICEBAF Newport News, Virginia Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Proceedings of the sessions sponsored by the Cryogenic Society of America, Inc., at the CRYO '90 conference, held June 17-23, 1990, in Binghamton, New York Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68-57815 (ISSN 0093-8815) ISBN 978-1-4757-9234-8 ISBN 978-1-4757-9232-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-9232-4 Portions of this work were written by employees of the U.S. Government and are not subject to copyright. The papers in these proceedings express the opinions of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. © 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1991 AII rights reserved No par! of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher FOREWORD Applications of Cryogenic Technology, Vol. 10, is the proceedings from the portion of the conference CRYO-90 sponsored by the Cryogenic Society of America (CSA). CRYO-90, held on the campus of the State University of New York, Binghamton, New York, was an unusual interdisciplinary event, drawing from the life sciences as well as the physical science and engineering areas of the low temperature community. Co-sponsoring CRYO-90 with CSA were the Society for Cryobiology and the Symposium on Invertebrate and Plant Cold Hardiness. These latter two organizations brought an exciting developing field to the conference, a field whose exploration will lead to the betterment of all mankind through improved cryosurgical and organ preservation techniques in addition to improved agricultural and herd yields under extreme conditions. Specific goals of the cryobiological community are cryopreservation, the arrest and recovery of living processes of cells, tissues and organs; and cryosurgery - the local cryodestruction of diseased cells while preserving the healthy surrounding tissue. These goals present great technological challenges. The technological requirements of the cryobiologist include the ability to cool tissues at rates of 106 degrees per second (vitrification), to thaw frozen tissue without damaging the delicate cells, to freeze dry tissue using molecular distillation (vacuum) drying, to supercool cell structures below O°C without freezing, and to successfully store the preserved tissues and organs for any required length of time. CSA, with its broad based experience in the development, application and manufacturing of cryogenic instrumentation, refrigeration, storage systems and heat transfer, is ideally suited to interface with the cryobiologist and overcome these technological hurdles. The selection of the CSA session topics was driven by the cryobiologist's requirements. CRYO-90 was held June 17-24, 1990. There were 285 registered participants. During the conference, 181 oral papers were presented in addition to 56 poster papers. CSA-sponsored sessions ran from v Wednesday morning, June 20, through Friday afternoon, June 22. There were 27 oral papers presented at the CSA sessions. These papers provided a mixture of overview/review articles, which were intended as a mechanism with which to familiarize the cryobiologist (and others) with the existing technology, and articles describing recent advances. The sessions were well attended, each with audiences of between 20 and 50 people. The papers presented in this volume, with the exception of the invited papers, have been peer reviewed. I would like to thank John Baust and the Society for Cryobiology for providing CSA with the opportunity to participate in CRYO-90. It was obvious to all involved that the tremendous success of the conference was primarily due to John's efforts. Much deserved credit also goes to the local organizing committee, the SUNY, Binghamton Cryobiology graduate students. I know that all who attended the conference were favorably impressed by the courtesy and hard work of this incomparable group of women and men. I would also like to thank the CSA Board of Directors for their support, especially Laurie Huget for her steadying influence and Stan Augustynowicz for his ideas and organizational help. Thanks are also due to the CSA technical chairmen for their fine organizational work and for overseeing the peer review process. It is through their efforts, and those of their reviewers, that we are able to offer a credible contribution to the cryogenic literature. Special recognition goes to my secretary, Linda Williams, for her time and energy, which she contributed cheerfully to all aspects of CSA's preparations for the conference and these proceedings. Finally, I would like to thank my Fiancee, Laura Parrish, for her patience, understanding and support during the preparation of this volume. J. Patrick Kelley vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The organizers of CRYO-90 are deeply grateful for the support received from the following organizations: American Magnetics, Inc. Cell Systems, LTD Cryogenic Services, Inc. CryoLife Cryomech, Inc. CryoMed Cryomedical Sciences, Inc. Energy Beam Sciences Forma Scientific, Inc. FTS Systems, Inc. R.G. Hansen & Associates Hoffer Flow Controls, Inc. Keller-PSI/Pressure Systems, Inc. Koch Process Systems, Inc. Lakeshore Cryotronics, Inc. Leybold Vacuum Products, Inc. LifeCell Corp. LOX Equipment Company Meyer Tool and Manufacturing MVE Cryogenics Neslab Instrument, Inc. Perkin Elmer Corp. Revw Scientific, Inc. Queue Systems Scientific Instruments, Inc. Tempshield, Inc. TS Scientific Virtis Company, Inc. vii CONTENTS SMALL SCALE REFRIGERATION AND LIQUEFACTION SYSTEMS Chair: R. Radebaugh Progress in Cryoco'blers .............................................................................. 1 R. Radebaugh Linear Drive Stirling Cooler Technology (Invited) ................................. 15 P.J. Kerney Cooling of GeZn Detectors by Commercially Available Closed-Cycle Cryogenic Refrigerators .............................................. 19 R.G. Hansen Magnetic Refrigeration: A Large Cooling Power Cryogenic Refrigeration Technology .................................................................. 27 S.F. Kral and J.A. Barclay 1 KW Capacity Refrigeration System at 80 K (LINIT-R1) ................ .43 E. Caratsch CRYOGENIC INSTRUMENTATION Chair: J .M. Swartz Cryogenic Thermometry - An Overview ................................................. 55 S.S. Courts, D.S. Holmes, P.R. Swinehart and B.C. Dodrill Monitoring Rapidly Changing Temperatures of the Oscillating Working Fluid in a Regenerative Refrigerator ....................................................................................... 71 W. Rawlins, R. Radebaugh and K.D. Timmerhaus ix Performance Characteristics of Silicon Diode Cryogenic Temperature Sensors ........................................................................ 85 B.C. Dodrill, J.K. Krause, P.R. Swinehart and V. Wang Thermally-Coupled Cryogenic Pressure Sensing .................................... 109 D.L. Clark Cryogenic Cooling of Biological Samples for Electron and Optical Microscopy ................................................................. 117 G.J. Fuld, R.G. Hansen and N. Loes PLENARY LECTURES Chair: J.C. Chato Technology Commercialization: Opportunities and Challenges (Invited) ........................................................................ 129 K.L. Crandell Cryogenic Heat Transfer: A Survey of Recent Developments (Invited) ................................................................... 139 J.C. Chato SHORT AND LONG TERM STORAGE SYSTEMS Chair: I.V. LaFave The Universe of Cryogenic Storage - From Helium II to C02 (Invited) ................................................................................. 163 I.V. LaFave Cryogenic Liquid Cylinder Development ................................................ 173 J.P. Eaton Composites for Cryogenics ...................................................................... 185 M.S. Kramer Development of 3-D Composites ............................................................ 197 J .R. Benzinger CRYOGENICS IN THE MEDICAL FIELD Chairs: S.A. Wilchins and S. Augustynowicz Cryobiology - Two Sides of the Same Coin? (Invited) ....................... 207 S.A. Wilchins and S.D. Augustynowicz x Vitrification Capability of Metal Mirror Ultra-Rapid Cooling Apparatus: A Theoretical Evaluation .......................................... 215 Z.H. Chang and J.G. Baust Microfractures in Cryopreserved Heart Valves: Valve Sub- mersion in Liquid Nitrogen Revisited ........................................... 227 L. Wolfinbarger, Jr., M. Adam, P. Lange and J.-F. Hu An Estimation of Thermal Stress Induced by the Freezing Process for Biological Cell Preservation ........................ 235 S. Lin Role of Membrane Phospholipids in Nonfreezing Cold Injury ............................................................................................... 245 D.K. Das, S. Maity and D. Lu Some Cryosurgery-Related Heat Transfer Problems ............................. 259 P. Hrycak, M.J. Linden and S.A. Wilchins GENERAL SESSION Chair: R.W. Fast Cryobench - Apparatus for Testing CEBAF Cryogenic Subcomponents ................................................................................ 271 M. Wiseman, R. Bundy, A. Guerra, J.P. Kelley, T. Lee, W. Schneider, K. Smith, E. Stitts and H. Whitehead CEBAF Cryounit Loss of Vacuum Experiment .................................... 287 M. Wiseman, R. Bundy, J.P. Kelley, T. Lee and W. Schneider Novel Approaches for Attaining High Accelerating Fields in Superconducting Cavities ........................................................... 305 Q.S. Shu, J. Graber, W. Hartung, J. Kirchgessner, D. Moffat, R. Noer, H. Padamsee, D. Rubin and J. Sears Author Index ........................................................................................... 321 Subject Index ........................................................................................... 323 xi
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