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APPLICATIONS IN ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING This page intentionally left blank APPLICATIONS IN ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING Editor-in-Chief SVEN ERIK JØRGENSEN Copenhagen University, Faculty ofPharmaceutical Sciences, Institute A, Section of Environmental Chemistry,Toxicology andEcotoxicology, University Park 2, CopenhagenØ, 2100, Denmark AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEWYORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO ElsevierB.V. Radarweg29,1043NXAmsterdam,TheNetherlands Firstedition2009 Copyright(cid:2)2009ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved ThefollowingarticleisUSgovernmentworksinthepublicdomainandisnotsubjecttocopyright: INVASIVESPECIES ThefollowingarticleisreprintedfromMitschWJandJørgensenSE(2009)EcologicalDesignPrinciples In:EcologicalEngineeringwithpermissionofJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.: BASICECOLOGICALPRINCIPLESASBASISFORECOLOGICALENGINEERING Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865843830;fax(+44)(0)1865853333; email:permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlineby visitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersons orpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuse oroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein. Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independent verificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCatalogNumber:2009929110 ISBN:9780444534484 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatbooks.elsevier.com PrintedandboundinItaly 09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Contents v–vi Contributors vii–ix Preface xi BASIC THEORY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING ECOLOGICALENGINEERINGANDENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT SEJørgensen 3 ECOLOGICALENGINEERING:OVERVIEW SEJørgensen 5 DESIGNPRINCIPLES SBolton 8 ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTANDAPPLICATION–PART1 DKom´ınkova´ 13 ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTANDAPPLICATION–PART2 DKom´ınkova´ 21 BASICECOLOGICALPRINCIPLESASBASISFORECOLOGICALENGINEERING SEJørgensen 32 USE OF NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS TO SOLVE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS BUFFERZONES JSSchouandPSchaarup 41 NATURALWETLANDS BGopalandDGhosh 42 RESTORATION OF ECOSYSTEMS COASTALZONERESTORATION CBCraft,JBertram,andSBroome 59 ESTUARYRESTORATION EWolanskiandRHRichmond 66 LAKERESTORATION MHupferandSHilt 72 LAKERESTORATIONMETHODS SEJørgensen 85 MINEAREAREMEDIATION MLOtteandDLJacob 90 RIPARIANZONEMANAGEMENTANDRESTORATION U¨ Mander 95 STREAMRESTORATION JNMurdock 113 CONSTRUCTED ECOSYSTEM – IMITATION OF NATURE CLASSICALANDAUGMENTATIVEBIOLOGICALCONTROL RGVanDriescheandKAbell 123 CONSERVATIONBIOLOGICALCONTROLANDBIOPESTICIDESINAGRICULTURAL SDWratten 130 v vi Contents CONSTRUCTEDWETLANDS,SUBSURFACEFLOW JVymazal 134 CONSTRUCTEDWETLANDS,SURFACEFLOW JVymazal 151 ESTUARINEECOHYDROLOGY EWolanski,LChicharo,andMAChicharo 162 IMPOUNDMENTS EMLehman 171 MASSCULTIVATIONOFFRESHWATERMICROALGAE JMasoj´ıdekandGTorzillo 176 MASSPRODUCTIONOFMARINEMACROALGAE RPereiraandCYarish 186 MULTITROPHICINTEGRATIONFORSUSTAINABLEMARINEAQUACULTURE TChopin,SMCRobinson,MTroell, ANeori,AHBuschmann,andJFang 198 ORGANICFARMING MSˇru˚tekandJUrban 210 PHYTOREMEDIATION SCMcCutcheonandSEJørgensen 216 SEWAGESLUDGETECHNOLOGIES FYWang,VRudolph,andZHZhu 231 SOILMOVEMENTBYTILLAGEANDOTHERAGRICULTURALACTIVITIES DALobb 247 APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AGROFORESTRY PKRNair,AMGordon,andMRosaMosquera-Losada 259 COASTALZONEMANAGEMENT EWolanski,ANewton,NRabalais,andCLegrand 268 EROSION EJComoss,DAKelly,andHZLeslie 275 FORESTMANAGEMENT SHummelandKLO’Hara 280 INVASIVEPLANTS PPysˇekandDMRichardson 290 INVASIVESPECIES BAMiddleton 299 LANDSCAPEPLANNING U¨ Mander 308 MARICULTUREWASTEMANAGEMENT AHBuschmann,MCHerna´ndez-Gonza´lez,CAranda,TChopin,ANeori, CHalling,andMTroell 318 STREAMMANAGEMENT JNMurdock 324 WATERCYCLEMANAGEMENT JPokorny´ andARejsˇkova´ 332 WATERSHEDMANAGEMENT U¨ Mander 341 INDEX 353 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS KAbell AMGordon UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,MA,USA UniversityofGuelph,Guelph,ON,Canada CAranda CHalling UniversidaddeLosLagos,PuertoMontt,Chile StockholmUniversity,Stockholm,Sweden JBertram MCHerna´ndez-Gonza´lez IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,IN,USA UniversidaddeLosLagos,PuertoMontt,Chile SBolton SHilt UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA,USA Leibniz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInland Fisheries,Berlin,Germany SBroome NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Raleigh,NC,USA SHummel USDAForestService,PNWResearchStation,Portland, AHBuschmann OR,USA UniversidaddeLosLagos,PuertoMontt,Chile MHupfer LChicharo Leibniz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInland UniversidadedoAlgarve,Faro,Portugal Fisheries,Berlin,Germany MAChicharo DLJacob UniversidadedoAlgarve,Faro,Portugal UniversityCollegeDublin,Dublin,RepublicofIreland TChopin SEJørgensen UniversityofNewBrunswick,SaintJohn,NB,Canada CopenhagenUniversity,Copenhagen,Denmark EJComoss DAKelly BureauofFacilityDesignandConstruction,Harrisburg, BureauofFacilityDesignandConstruction,Harrisburg, PA,USA PA,USA CBCraft DKom´ınkova´ IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,IN,USA CzechTechnicalUniversityinPrague,Prague,Czech Republic JFang ChineseAcademyofFisheryScience, CLegrand Qingdao,China UniversityofKalmar,Kalmar,Sweden DGhosh EMLehman JawaharlalNehruUniversity,NewDelhi,India UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI,USA BGopal HZLeslie JawaharlalNehruUniversity,NewDelhi,India BureauofStateParks,Erie,PA,USA vii viii ListofContributors DALobb DMRichardson UniversityofManitoba,Winnipeg,MB,Canada StellenboschUniversity,Stellenbosch, SouthAfrica U¨ Mander UniversityofTartu,Tartu,Estonia RHRichmond UniversityofHawaiiatManoa,Honolulu,HI,USA JMasoj´ıdek InstituteofMicrobiology,Tˇrebonˇ,CzechRepublic SMCRobinson DepartmentofFisheriesandOceans,St.Andrews,NB, Canada SCMcCutcheon USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Athens, GA,USA MRosaMosquera-Losada UniversityofSantiagodeCompostela, Lugo,Spain BAMiddleton USGSNationalWetlandsResearchCenter,Lafayette, LA,USA VRudolph TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,QLD, Australia JNMurdock KansasStateUniversity,Manhattan,KS,USA PSchaarup DanishForestandNatureAgency,Copenhagen, PKRNair Denmark UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL,USA JSSchou ANeori UniversityofAarhus,Roskilde,Denmark IsraelOceanographicandLimnologicalResearchLtd., Eilat,Israel MSˇru˚tek InstituteofBotany,Pru˚honice,CzechRepublic ANewton UniversidadedoAlgarve,Faro,Portugal GTorzillo IstitutoperloStudiodegliEcosistemi,CNR,Sesto KLO’Hara Fiorentino,Italy UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA MTroell MLOtte TheRoyalSwedishAcademyofSciences,Stockholm, UniversityCollegeDublin,Dublin,RepublicofIreland Sweden RPereira JUrban CentreforMarineandEnvironmentalResearch– PRO-BIOAssociationofOrganicFarmers,Sˇumperk, CIIMAR,Porto,Portugal CzechRepublic JPokorny´ RGVanDriesche ENKI,O.P.S.,Tˇrebonˇ,CzechRepublic UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,MA,USA PPysˇek JVymazal Czech Academy of Sciences, Pru˚honice, Czech ENKI,o.p.s.,Tˇrebonˇ,CzechRepublic Republic FYWang NRabalais TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,QLD, LouisianaUniversitiesMarineConsortium,Chauvin,LA, Australia USA EWolanski ARejsˇkova´ ACTFR,JamesCookUniversity,QLD,Australia, ENKI,O.P.S.,Tˇrebonˇ,CzechRepublic andAIMS,Townsville,QLD,Australia ListofContributors ix SDWratten ZHZhu LincolnUniversity,Canterbury,NewZealand TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,QLD, Australia CYarish UniversityofConnecticut,Stamford, CT,USA