Application of 21/4Cr-1 Mo Steel for Thick-Wall Pressure Vessels

490 Pages·1982·9.758 MB·English

by  Sangdahl, Semchyshen (eds.)

APPLICATION OF
2V4Cr-1 Mo STEEL
FOR THICK-WALL
PRESSURE VESSELS
A symposium
sponsored by
Metal Properties Council
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
TESTING AND MATERIALS
Denver, Colo., 19-20 May 1980
ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 755
G. S. Sangdahl, Chicago Bridge & Iron
Company, and M. Semchyshen, Climax
Molybdenum Company, editors
ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN)
04-755000-02
m
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
Copyright © by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1982
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 81-67407
NOTE
The Society is not responsible, as a body,
for the statements and opinions
advanced in this publication.
Primed in Baltinmre. Md.
Jamian 1982
Foreword
The Symposium on Application of 2'/4Cr-lMo Steel for Thiclt-Wall
Pressure Vessels, sponsored by the Metal Properties Council, was held in
Denver, Colorado, on 19-20 May 1980. G. S. Sangdahl, Chicago Bridge &
Iron Company, and M. Semchyshen, Climax Molybdenum Company, served
as symposium chairmen and also edited this publication.
Related
ASTM Publications
Toughness of Ferritic Stainless Steels, STP 706 (1980), $32.50, 04-706000-02
Evaluations of the Elevated Temperature Tensile and Creep Rupture Proper
ties of 12 to 27 Percent Chromium Steels, DS 59 (1980), $24.00,
05-059000-40
Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels and Their Weld Metals (Influence of
Slight Chemistry Variations), STP 679 (1979), $13.50, 04-679000-02
Rail Steels—Developments, Processing, and Use, STP 644 (1978), $45.00,
04-644000-01
Structures, Constitution, and General Characteristics of Wrought Ferritic
Stainless Steels, STP 619 (1976), $7.50, 04-619000-02
Bearing Steels: The Rating of Nonmetallic Inclusion, STP 575 (1975),
$22.25, 04-575000-02
A Note of Appreciation
to Reviewers
This publication is made possible by the authors and, also, the unheralded
efforts of the reviewers. This is a body of technical experts whose dedication,
sacrifice of time and effort, and collective wisdom in reviewing the papers
must be acknowledged. The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct
function of their respected opinions. On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge
with appreciation their contribution.
ASTM Committee on Publications
Editorial Staff
Jane B. Wheeler, Managing Editor
Helen M. Hoersch, Senior Associate Editor
Helen P. Mahy, Senior Assistant Editor
Allan S. Kleinberg, Assistant Editor
Virginia M. Barishek, Assistant Editor
Contents
Introduction 1
OVERVIEW OF PROPERTIES OF 2'/4Cr-lMo PLATES AND CASTINGS
Pressure Vessels for Coal Liquefaction—An Overview—T. E. SCOTT 7
Discussion 25
Internal Properties of 2V4Cr-lMo Cast Steel for Heavy Castings—
H. C. LUELING, KARL ACHTELIK, AND J. M. MOTZ 26
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN APPLICATION OF 2'/4Cr-lMo STEEL AT
ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of 2V4Cr-lMo Steels for
Thick-Wall Pressure Vessels—s. SURESH, G. F. ZAMISKI, AND
R. O. RITCHIE 49
Design Properties for Steels Used in Coal Conversion Vessels—
J. D. LANDES AND D. E. MCCABE 68
Hydrogen Attack in Thick-Section 2V4Cr-lMo Steels at Elevated
Temperatures—j. WANAGEL, T. HAKKARAINEN, AND
CHE-YU LI 93
Fatigue Crack Propagation in the Heat-Affected Zone of
2'/4Cr-lMo Steel and ERNiCr-3 Weldments—
TUSIT WEERASOORIYA 109
PROCESSING AND PROPERTIES OF 2'/4Cr-lMo STEEL FOR THICK-WALL
PRESSURE VESSELS
A 2V4Cr-lMo Pressure Vessel Steel with Improved Creep Rupture
Strength—T. ISHIGURO, Y. MURAKAMI, K. OHNISHI, AND
J. WATANABE 129
Data Obtained on Industrial Production Plates 150 to 500 mm (6 to
20 in.) Thick in Chromium-Molybdenum Steel—
J. A. BERTHET, R. BLONDEAU, D. CATELIN, A. CHEVIET,
AND I. H. ROUX 148
Effects of Composition and Heat Treatment on the Mechanical

Properties of 300-mm-Gage I'ACr-lMo Steel Plate—
R. A. SWIFT 166
Structure and Mechanical Properties of 2V4Cr-lMo Cast Steel for
Pressure Components with Wall Thicknesses up to
500 mm—A. TRAUTWEIN, H. MAYER, W. GYSEL,
AND B. WALSER 189
Mechanical Properties of Vacuum Carbon-Deoxidized Thick-Wall
2y4Cr-lMo Steel Forging—M. KOHNO, M. MAKIOKA,
S. KINOSHITA, AND A. SUZUKI 208
Alloy Modification of Thick-Section 2y4Cr-lMo Steel—R. J. KAR
AND J. A. TODD 228
FABRICATION, WELDING, AND CLADDING OF HEAVY-GAGE 2'/4Cr-lMo
STEEL FOR PRESSURE VESSEL APPLICATIONS
Fabrication of Heavy-Wall Pressure Vessels—j. E. BONTA AND
O. G. SIKORA 255
A Comparison of As-Welded and Stress-Relieved 2V4Cr-lMo Steel
Electroslag Weldments: Microstructure and Properties—
O. V. SERRANO, G. R. EDWARDS, AND R. H. FROST 275
A Portable 100-kW Electron Beam Welding System for Pressure
Vessel Fabrication—w. j. FARRELL 297
Case Study on Hydrocracking Reactor Inspection after an
Emergency Shutdown—v. M. CALVO, R. R. RUIZ, AND
YOSHITO MITANI 326
STUDIES OF HEAT TREATING AND TEMPER EMBRITTLEMENT OF
2'/4Cr-lMo STEEL
Transformation Characteristics of 2V4Cr-lMo Steel—
TSUGUYASU WADA AND G. T. ELDIS 343
Discussion 361
Streng;th and Temper Embrittlement of Heavy-Section 2V4Cr-lMo
Steel—SHINGO SATO, SUSUMU MATSUI, TEIICHI ENAMI, AND
TOSHIKAZU TOBE 363
S. Suresh,' G. F. Zamiski,' and R. O. Ritchie^
Fatigue Crack Propagation Beliavior
of 2V4Cr-1l\/lo Steels for Thick-Wall
Pressure Vessels
REFERENCE: Suresh, S., Zamiski, G. F., and Ritchie, R. O., "Fatigue Crack Propaga
tion Beliavior of 2V4Cr-lMo Steels for Thick-Wall Pressure Vessels," Application of
2'ACr-lMo Steel for Thick-Wall Pressure Vessels. ASTM STP 755. G. S. Sangdahl and
M. Semchyshen, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, 1982, pp. 49-67.
ABSTRACT: The fatigue crack propagation behavior of a series of thick-section [20.3
cm (8 in.)] 2'/4Cr-lMo steels has been investigated in environments of gaseous hydrogen
and ambient temperature air over a wide range of growth rates from near-threshold levels
(10"" m/cycle) to 10"'' m/cycle, as part of a program to characterize potential
materials for coal gasification pressure vessel applications. Normalized bainitic-ferritie
microstructures (ASTM A 387, Class 2, Grade 22) have been compared with quenched
and tempered fully bainitic (ASTM A 542, Class 3) and fully martensitic (ASTM A 542,
Class 2) microstructures, representing a range of yield strengths from 290 to 769 MPa.
Although growth rates above 10""* m/cycle are largely unaffected by microstructure and
strength level, at near-threshold growth rates there is a marked deterioration in crack
propagation resistance with increasing strength which becomes accentuated for tests in
hydrogen environments. Further, the influence of gaseous hydrogen on fatigue crack
propagation rates is found to be particularly severe at stress intensities far below A'l^^.^.,
the threshold for hydrogen-assisted growth under sustained loading. At near-threshold
levels ("true corrosion fatigue" regime) the presence of hydrogen gas enhances growth
rates by up to two orders of magnitude compared with air, without a significant change in
fracture mechanism. At higher growth rates ("apparent stress-corrosion fatigue"
regime), a second acceleration in growth rates (up to 20 times compared with air) due to
hydrogen is observed above a critical A'^^^-value, which is both sensitive to frequency and
load ratio and is associated with a predominately intergranular fracture mode. The
characteristics of these distinct regimes of hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack propagation in
2'/tCr-lMo steels are discussed in the light of the potential use of these steels for coal
conversion pressure vessel construction.
KEY WORDS: fatigue (materials), crack propagation, near-threshold, load ratio, mi
crostructure, hydrogen embrittlement, stress corrosion, fracture, intergranular, trans-
granular, crack closure
The present unceilainty in oil supplies to this country has spurred renewed
interest in coal as a viable major energy source. Although the technology for
'Graduate Research Assistant, Graduate Research Assistant, and Associate Professor, re
spectively, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Mass. 02139. Professor Ritchie is currently with the Department of Materials
Science and Mineral Engineering, University of California, Berkeley. Calif. 94720.
49