Table Of Content

Apples Due to polymorphism, apples have extraordinary diversity. Depending on variety, apple fruits can differ in color, shade or size; apples even can be oval or pear-shaped. There are more than 10,000 varieties of apple, which vary in taste, shape, juiciness, texture, color, frmness and other qualities. For these reasons, apples have been diversely studied, and many improvements have been made such as the introduction of high density cropping; rootstock breeding; or varietal development. Therefore it is important to understand and document the production methods adopted and implemented in recent times for harvesting maximum benefts of the crop. Apples: Preharvest and Postharvest Technology documents production practices along with detailed illustration on varieties, rootstocks, important cultural practices and post-harvest management. This book will serve as a complete guide for apple production from farm to fork and will help students, scholars, researchers and scientists working in this domain. The book will also help growers all over the world to understand best practices for apple production, to harvest maximum yields, and in turn, to increase their returns. Rafya Mushtaq, PhD Division of Fruit Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India Gulzar Ahmad Nayik, PhD Department of Food Science & Technology Govt. Degree College Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir, India Ab Raouf Malik, PhD Division of Fruit Science Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India Apples Preharvest and Postharvest Technology Edited by Rafya Mushtaq, Gulzar Ahmad Nayik and Ab Raouf Malik Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Rafya Mushtaq, Gulzar Ahmad Nayik, and Ab Raouf Malik; individual chapters, the contributors Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microflming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978–750–8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-1-032-14556-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-14557-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-23992-5 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003239925 Typeset in Times by Apex CoVantage, LLC We dedicated this book to our beloved family Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................xi Editors’ Biographies ...................................................................................................................... xiii List of Contributors ..........................................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 History, Distribution, Production and Taxonomic Classifcation .................................1 Shumaila Khan, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Adnan Bodhla, Tabish Jehan Been Chapter 2 Orchard Planning, Establishment and Soil Management ............................................9 Suheel Ahmad, Ab Raouf Malik, Shoaib Kirmani, Sajad-un-Nabi, M. Abas Shah, Mumtaz A. Ganie and Rafya Mushtaq Chapter 3 Recent Advances in Varietal Improvement and Rootstock Breeding ........................25 Tabish Jehan Been, M. A. Mir, Ab Raouf Malik, Iftisam Yaseen, Mahrukh Mir, Rafya Mushtaq Chapter 4 Advances in Propagation and Nursery Management: Methods and Techniques ...........................................................................................................45 Ab Waheed Wani, Iftisam Yaseen, Suhail Fayaz, Afya Khursheed, Archi Gupta, G I Hassan, Rajni Rajan, Shahid Qayoom, Irfan Gani and Smruthi Jayarajan Chapter 5 High Density Plantation ............................................................................................. 59 Shazia Hassan, Mohammed Tauseef Ali, Ab Raouf Malik, Rafya Mushtaq, Shamim A. Simnani and Khalid Mushtaq Chapter 6 Flowering, Pollination and Fruit Set .......................................................................... 71 Amardeep Kour, Rifat Bhat, Chetak Bishnoi and Navjot Gupta Chapter 7 Regulations of Form-Training and Pruning ...............................................................85 Mohammadebrahim Nasrabadi, Mojtaba Kordrostami, Ali Akbar Ghasemi-Soloklui, Mehdi Gararazhian, Ali Gharaghani Chapter 8 Parthenocarpy, Unfruitfulness and Alternate Bearing in Apples ............................105 M. K. Sharma, E. A. Parray, N. Nazir, A. Khalil and Shamim A. Simnani Chapter 9 Orchard Cultural Practices: Irrigation, Fertigation and Weed Management ........... 119 Rafya Mushtaq, Insha Majid, Shaila Din, Ab Raouf Malik, M. K. Sharma, Suheel Ahmad and Tabish Jahan Been vii viii Contents Chapter 10 Nutrition and Orchard Manuring Practices .............................................................. 133 Mumtaz A. Ganie, Ab Shakoor Khanday, Aabid H. Lone, Yasir Hanif Mir, Aanisa Manzoor Shah, Suheel Ahmad and Ab Raouf Malik Chapter 11 Organic Apple Production and Prospects ................................................................ 147 Rajni Rajan, M Feza Ahmad, Jatinder Singh, Kuldeep Pandey and Ab Waheed Wani Chapter 12 Major Diseases and Their Management ................................................................... 161 Rovidha S. Rasool, Deelak Amin, Sumaira-Hamid, Asha Nabi, Sana B. Surma, Moin Qureshi, Bilal A. Padder, Nazir Ahmad Ganai and Mehraj D. Shah Chapter 13 Major Insect Pests and Physiological Disorders and Their Management ................ 177 Deelak Amin, Rovidha S. Rasool, Sumaira-Hamid, Asha Nabi, Rafya Mushtaq, Nazir Ahmad Ganai and Mehraj D. Shah Chapter 14 Recent Developments in Harvest and Postharvest Management ............................. 193 Nusrat Jan, Gousia Gani, Haamiyah Sidiq, Sajad Mohd Wani and Syed Zameer Hussain Chapter 15 Emerging Packaging and Storage Technologies ......................................................205 Aftab Ahmed, Farhan Saeed, Muhammad Afzaal, Shinawar Waseem Ali, Ali Imran and Muhammad Awais Saleem Chapter 16 Innovative Processing Technologies ........................................................................ 217 Muhammad Aamir, Muhammad Afzaal, Farhan Saeed, Ifrah Usman and Iqra Ashfaq Chapter 17 Effect of Preharvest and Postharvest Technologies on Bioactive Compounds ...........245 Jessica Pandohee, Sajad Ahmad Wani, Shafya Rafq and Basharat N. Dar Chapter 18 Apples and Apple By-Products: Properties and Health Benefts .............................265 Asif Ahmad and Chamman Liaqat Chapter 19 Utilization of By-Products: Peel, Seeds and Pomace ...............................................283 Farhan Saeed, Faqir Muhammad Anjum, Muhammad Afzaal, Bushra Niaz, Huda Ateeq and Muzzamal Hussain Chapter 20 Current World Trade and Market Trends .................................................................297 S. A. Wani, Farheen Naqash and Fehim J. Wani Index .............................................................................................................................................. 315 Preface Apples are some of the fnest fruits of the world. Apples are a commonly grown fruit in most of temperate regions of the world. For the last 20 years apple production has expanded more than 50 percent, and the biggest growth has been in China. India is the ffth largest producer of apples in world. Apples provide humans with a valuable source of phytonutrients and natural antioxidants, as well as important minerals. We would like to thank and acknowledge all the contributors for their fruitful contributions and their dedication to editorial guidelines and timeline. We are fortunate to have the opportunity to collaborate with many international experts from Australia, Pakistan, China, Iran, Turkey, etc. We would like to thank colleagues from the production team of Taylor & Francis for their constant help during the editing and production process. Finally, we as editors acknowledge that this book may contain minor errors or gaps. Suggestions, criticism and comments are always welcome; so please do not hesitate to contact us for any relevant issue. ix