Apples: A Guide to the Identification of International Varieties PDF
Preview Apples: A Guide to the Identification of International Varieties
APPLES A GUIDETO THE IDENTIFICATION OF INTERNATIONALVARIETIES APPLES A GUIDE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL VARIETIES John Bultitude MACMILLANPRESS LONDON Macmillan Reference Books ©Crown copyright 1983. Published by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1983 by 1HEMACMILLANPRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Auckland, Delhi, Dublin, Gaborone, Hamburg, Harare, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, Kuala Lumpur, Lagos, Manzini, Melbourne, Mexico City, Nairobi, New York, Singapore, Tokyo. Reprinted 1984 First published in paperback 1984 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Bultitude, John Apples. l.Apple I. Title 634'.11 SB363 ISBN 978-0-333-38536-4 ISBN 978-1-349-07749-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-07749-6 The paperback edition of this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Typeset by Leaper & Gard Ltd, Bristol Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi PartI INTRODUCTION 3 HISTORYOFTHEAPPLE 5 CURRENTPRODUCnON 7 Part II IDENTIFICATION OFAPPLES 11 LISTOFVARIETIESDESCRIBED 17 COLOURPLATES 19 DESCRIPTIONSOFAPPLEVARIETIES 67 INDEXOFSYNONYMS 321 REFERENCES 325 Acknowledgements TheauthorparticularlywishestothankthemanycolleaguesattheNationalFruitTrials,BrogdaleExperimentalHorti cultureStationwhohelpedsomuchovertheperiodofalmosttenyearsneededtoproducethisbook.MrJ.M.S.Potter, aBE,theformerDirectoroftheNationalFruitTrials,madetheoriginalselectionofvarietiesandobtainedagreementfor theworktobedone. OtherDirectorshelped particularlythepresentDirector,MrJ.Ingram,whoencouragedthefinalcompletion.Miss MurielW.G.SmithallowedTheNationalAppleRegisteroftheUnitedKingdomtobequotedextensivelyandgavemuch usefuladvice.Recently,MrJackWoodwardandMissEnidTurnerhaveassistedwiththepreparationandediting. MrHughF.Ermen,apersonalfriendandcolleagueatBrogdale,tookthephotographsneededforthecolourplates. ThephotographicdepartmentoftheMinistryofAgriculture,FisheriesandFoodtookandproducedtheblack-and-white photographs. Overtheyears,manytypistshavebeeninvolvedinthepreparationofthemanuscriptandtheirhelphasbeengreatly appreciated. Part I Introduction Theapplehasbeen apartofman'sdiet throughoutAsia names often referring to ongm or appearance. For andEuropeforcenturies.Thcrearcrecordsinbothearly instance, pippin and kernel were used to denote trees Greek and Roman literature ofapples, and it must be raisedfromseed andmayhavebeen truefortheoriginal assumedthattherewassomerecognitionofdistinctvarie tree. All the Cox's Orange Pippin trees todayare not ties ofsuperior quality as there are also references to strictly pippins as they arc vegetatively propagated by propagation by grafting. Although the earliest reliable budding or grafting. Golden Delicious is a fairly apt recordsareGreekand Roman,theappleasweknowit description ofa properlymaturedgoldenappleof that todaywouldappeartohavebeenselectedbypeopleliving variety.EgremontRussetdescribesanaturallyrussetted farthercast.A descriptionofthespreadofthe appleis variety.Thenamesqueeningorquoiningarebelievedto giveninChapter2. derive from quoin,meaninga cornerorangle,and arc Appletreeshavebeentakentoallpartsoftheworldby usedtodescribeangularapples.Someofthedescriptive theEuropean colonizers, with the result that todaythe namesarctheresultofimagination ratherthantruth. fruitplaysanimportantpartinmanyeconomics.Produc Thedescriptionsinthetextarelinkedwithbothblack tionfiguresforthe moreimportantcommercialvarieties and-whitesectionphotographsand alsocolouredplates. grownintheworld arcgiveninChapter3,togetherwith Ifagoodspecimenappleiscutinhalf,thesectioncanbe details ofstepstaken toimproveproduction. comparedwiththeblack-and-whitephotographsandalist InPartIIofthisbookallthosevarietiesofcommercial madeofthosewhichseemtofit.Thecolourofthefruitwill importance arc described, as well as some that arc of furtherreducethelist.Referencetothetextwillgivesome gardeninterest onlyandsomethatarcofhistoricalnote. idea ofthe season and other characteristics which will Allvarietiesarclisted inalphabeticalorder,withabrief furthernarrowthefield.Itisworthrememberingthatthe accountofthefruit'sappearance,tasteandseason,aswell ageofthetreecanbehelpful.Themorerecentlyplanted assomeimportantfeaturesofthetree. trees arc most likely to be those of commercial usage Of necessitythe descriptionsare ratherstereotyped, whereasveryoldgardentreesarelikelytobeofabroader butaplacehasbeenmadeforgeneralcomments,toreflect spectrum. the author'sfeelingaboutavariety.Althoughbrief,the To summarize, the following features should be commentsshouldgivesomeindicationofavariety'svalue. examinedforacompleteidentification. Alldescriptionsarebased on theauthor'sownobserva I) Colour tionsandexperienceofapplesgrownattheNationalFruit 2) Shape Trials,BrogdaleExperimentalHorticultureStation,and 3) Season theyarenotarepetitionofdatapublishedbyothers. 4)Size Thisbookisnotintendedasaclassification,butrather 5) Appearanceofcross-section asanaidtothosewithinterestinandexperienceofapple 6) Additionalexternalfeatures. growinginorderto identifythe morecommon sortsof apple. Manyof the varieties listed willnot be found in Byusingthe first four criteria, itshould be possibleto commercialorchardsandsomewilloccuronlyrarelyin reducethe numberofpossiblevarietiestoaboutthreeor gardens.Becauseavarietyisdescribedinthisbook,itdocs four. The individual varietiesshould then be examined notnecessarilycommenditforgrowingingardensorelse moreclosely,withcarefulappraisaloftheircross-sections where,itmerelyindicatesthatitisgrownandisliableto andcomparisonofadditionalexternalfeatures. need identificationfrom timetotime. There arc dangers in 'fitting' unknown apples to In TheHandbookofHardyFruits,ApplesandPears, descriptionsandphotographswithoutsomeexperienceof E.A. Bunyard grouped varieties in seven sections thevariabilitiesthat can occurwithinavariety.Climate, accordingto skincolourandfinish (i.e. whether skinis management, pests and diseases can allhelp to distort smoothorrussetted),andfurtherdividedeachsectioninto apples. Applesforidentificationshouldalwaysbegood fivegroups based on shape. Later Taylor used similar typicalapplesand not 'kingfruits'.When assessingthe schemesinhisbook TheApplesof Englandandasimilar characteristics ofa fruit, itshould be remembered that methodhasbeen used inPart IIofthisbook(seeTables applesarenotproducedinafactoryonamachineandasa 2-9). consequencethereisconsiderablevariationbetweenfruits Otherfeatures,themeaningsofwhicharcdefinedat ofagivenvariety. thebeginningofPart II,arethenassessed.Many ofthe AlsoincludedattheendofPartIIisalistofsynonyms, termswillbefamiliartohorticulturistsandfruitgrowers, togetherwiththenamesadoptedinthisbook,forthemore buttofacilitatetheuscofthisbooktheyaredefined. important commercialvarieties.Some names that have Manyof the varieties in this book have descriptive nowbeensupercededarealsoincluded. History of the Apple The'modern'appleisbelievedtohavebeenderivedfrom mental HorticultureStation,Kent,UK. south-westernAsia,wherethemixofnativeMalusspecies A number of apple varieties were of importance in could havegivenfruitsofasizeand qualityattractiveto England throughouttheseventeenthandeighteenthcen man.Neither the Greeks norRomanswerethe firstad turies,butofmostsignificancewasGoldenPippin.Both vancedcivilizationsinthearea;onemayassumethatthey Parkinson and Batty Langley (1728) listed the variety, inheritedtheirexperienceofapplesfromothers.Thefirst whichhadareputationforgoodquality.ThereareGolden stepstowards growingappletreesdeliberately mayhave Pippintreesinexistencetoday,butthereisnowayofbeing begunintheMiddle East orsouth-easternEurope,with surethattheyarcthesameastheoriginalvariety.Towards thetechniquesinvolvedbeingspreadbythe Greeksand theendoftheeighteenthandatthestartofthenineteenth Romans.AsChristianitymovedwestwardsandreligious century,manyorchards,andGoldenPippintreesinparti orders formed settled communities,the apple followed, cular, were seriously affected by disease, chiefly apple butmoreimportantlycommunicationimproved. canker (Neetria gal/igena). The apparent demise of Thiswestward movementofvarious people probably GoldenPippinpromptedThomasAndrewKnight(1759 helped to carry the apple into western Europe,but the 1838)topromotethebeliefthatvarietieshadalimitedlife Romans are believed to have been responsible for its andthattheythenwentintoirreversibledecline;theonly introduction into France and England. Julius Caesar way,hethought,torestorethesituation wastoraisenew started theconquestofBritainin55BCandtheRomans varieties. Knight began to make deliberate crosses stayed untilthe early part ofthe fifthcenturyAD.The betweenvarietiesofknownqualityand,althoughnoneof varietiesPornmed'ApiandCourtPenduPlatarebelieved hisseedlingswereofimportance,hestimulated,through tobeofRoman origin, but there isno realevidence for hisactivitieswiththe RoyalHorticulturalSociety,acon this. siderable interest inbreedingnewvarieties. After the Romans, there wasan unsettled period in EncouragedbytheRoyalHorticulturalSocietyandits BritishhistoryuntiltheNormanconquest,whichbrought award system,vast numbers of apples were raised and afurther longperiod ofsettlementandorder.The mon named throughout the nineteenth century in England. asteriesthatwerefoundedatthistimeplayedanimportant Towards theendofthecentury,ThomasLaxton,anurs partintheearlydevelopmentoftheapple,mainlybecause eryman of Bedford, began breeding new varieties. A oftheir association withsimilarestablishmentsthrough number of Laxton's varieties were of high quality and outFrance andotherChristianparts ofEurope. some,likeLaxton'sSuperb,Lord Lambourneand For Muchofthefruitgrownduringthisperiodwasontrees tune, were plantedon acommercialscale.At thistime, raisedfromseed.The quality wasmixedand thebulkof fruit research stations were established by commercial thefruitwentintociderproduction.Applesdonotbreed growersandcidermanufacturersatEast MailinginKent truefromseedandthosethat wererecognized ashaving and LongAshton near Bristol;these stations haveboth good eating or cooking qualities were propagated by developedand arenowstate-financedthroughtheAgri grafting.Anumberoftheseappleswerenamedandsome cultural Research Council. Plant-breeding work was havesurvivedtothisday. begun at these stations and overlapped with the work Therewere periodic importationsof 'new'apples to beingdone byLaxton. BritainfromEurope,probablythemostfamousbeingthat AtthepresenttimeinEngland,onlyEastMailingcon madebyRichard Harris,fruiterertoHenryVIII(inabout tinuestobreed newvarietiesbycrossingknown parents. 1500).RichardHarriswasreportedtohavefetchedoutof AtLongAshton,thetechniqueknownasmutationselec France 'great store of grafts especially pippin, before tionisused.Mutationsoccurnaturally,butatthisresearch whichtimetherewerenopippinsinEngland'.Themate stationmutationsareinducedbysubmittingplantmaterial rialheimported,alongwithotherfruits,wasplantedinan toy-radiation. orchard of about 140 acres at Teynham in Kent. The OtherEuropeancountriesalsocontinuedtodevelop Harrisimportationwasnotthefirst,northelast,butitwas theapple,andtherewasacontinualexchangeofideasand partofagradualimprovementofthequalityofapplesin varieties.Applesweretakentoallpartsoftheworldbythe England overtheyears. Europeancolonizersand,inmanyplaces,theyflourished. By1629,Parkinson wasabletolistinParadisiinsole Todayapplesareanimportantaspectofmanyeconomies. Paradisusterrestrisenumberofapples,withcommentson Asthecolonialsettlementsbecameindependent,research their qualities,and toshowfineengravings ofspecimen establishmentsweresetupandworkonbreedingandcul fruits.Catshead,Costardand Lcathcrcoatwereallmen tural aspects ofthe apple relative tothe conditionsand tionedbyParkinsonandarcpresentintheapplecollection demandsofeachcountrywasstartedandcontinuesatthe retained at the National Fruit Trials, Brogdale Experi- presenttime.Newvarietiesraisedinthesecountrieswere 6 HISTORYOFTHEApPLE broughtbackto Europeanmarketsfirstforsaleand later secondmostimportant variety.Insomeways,NewZea tobegrowninorchards.Forexample,sinceWorldWarII, landisuniqueasafruit-growingcountryinthatitgrowsa GoldenDeliciousfromAmericaandGrannySmithfrom mixofNorth American, British, Australian and home Australia have become increasingly important to com bredvarieties. mercialproducersinFranceandSpain. The apple went to North America with the earliest ThemoreimportantapplesofsouthernEuropeareof EuropeansettlersintheearlyI600sandasthepopulation North American origin, whereas those of northern moved westthe applewent also.Propagation, asinthe Europearestillpredominantlyoftheso-calledaromatic earlydaysinEurope,waslargelybyseedasthiswasmore varietieslike Cox'sOrange Pippin. Fortunatelyfor the easilycarried.JohnnyAppleseed,thefolk-heroofapple growersofCox'sOrangePippin,itcannotbeproduced growers, wasperhapsa symbol of the spread ofsettle successfullyoutsidenorthern Europe,exceptperhapsin mentswestward.Theoutstandingvarietieswere grafted NewZealand.Attemptshavebeenmadetoimprovethe on to seedling rootstocks, and new importations from productionofCox'sOrangePippinbyclonalselectionand Europesoonledtoaproliferationofmaterialthatbecame breeding,buttheresultshavenotsofarbeenentirelysatis embarrassing to tree raisers and growers alike. Bythe factory.Colouredsportshave not been acceptableuntil beginningofthiscentury,themainvarietiesgrowninthe therecent introductionofQueenCox. USAwereBaldwinandBenDavid.Todaythedominant In Australia and New Zealand, the most important apples are Delicious, Golden Delicious and Mcintosh. variety isGrannySmith,which wasdiscovered inAus ThevarietyMcintoshisaCanadianappleandisthemost tralia.It representsinexcessof50percent ofAustralian importantoneinthatcountry.Theleadingvarietiesinthe production and probablymore than 30 percent in New USAandCanadaarealsoimportantinmostfruit-growing Zealand. Delicious and itssports are also important in areasoftheworld,exceptnorthern Europe. NewZealandbutnotinAustralia,whereDemocratisthe
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