apple :: mac :: a ux :: aux 3.0 :: AUX 3.0 Local System Administration 1992

414 Pages·1992·8.4 MB·English

A/UX Local System Administration
Release 3.0
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Contents
Figures and tables I xvii
About this Guide I xix
Who this manual is for I xix
What you need to know I xx
What this manual contains I xx
Conventions used in this guide I xxii
Keys and key comhinations I xxii
Terminology I xxiii
The Courier font I xxiii
Font styles I xxiv
A/UX command syntax I xxiv
Manual page reference notation I xxv
For more information I xxvi
1 Concepts of System Administration I 1-1
Some suggestions before you begin I 1-3
Customizing your system I 1-5
Naming the system I 1-5
Changing the message of the day I 1-6
Setting the system time I 1-6
Resetting after moving a system to a different time zone I 1-7
Administrative logins and groups I l-7
Administrative logins I 1-8
Administrative groups I l-9
Single-user and multi-user states I l-9
Single-user state I 1-10
Multi-user state I 1-l l
Initial processes: /etc/inittab I 1-11
Changing run levels: in it I 1-12
Configuring the kernel I 1-13
Autoconfiguration I l-11
The newcon fl g program I 1-15
Changing kernel parametl'.rs I 1-17
Two types of UNIX file systems I 1-17
About A/UX files I 1-19
2 System Startup and Shutdown I 2-1
Starting up the system I 2-4
About A/UX Startup I 2-5
A/UX Startup command shell window I 2-5
Commands that run in A/UX Startup I 2-6
A/UX Startup menus I 2-8
Apple menu I 2-8
File menu I 2-8
Edit menu I 2-9
Execute menu I 2-9
Preferences menu I 2-l ()
The startup sequence I 2-13
Checking I 2-13
Loading I 2-14
Launching I 2-14
Checking root file system I 2-15
Initializing device drivers I 2-15
Checking file systems I 2-16
Starting hackground processes I 2-17
Logging out, restarting, and shutting down I 2-18
Logging out from the command line I 2-18
Entering single-user state from multi-user state I 2-18
Using the shutdown command I 2-19
The natural order of startup devices I 2-21
Changing the A/UX startup device I 2-22
vi Contents
3 User and Group Administration I 3-l
The A/UX working environment I 3-3
An introduction to the working environment I 3-3
Command shells and setup files I 3-6
Command line prompt I 3-7
The C shell setup files I 3-7
The Bourne shell setup files I 3-8
The Korn shell setup files I 3-8
Macintosh System Folders I 3-8
How A/lJX establishes the environment I 3-9
Administering user accounts I 3-10
The /ctc/passwd file I 3-10
Format of /etc/passwd I 3-10
Adding a user I 3-11
Planning a user's working environment I 3-12
Adding users manually I 3-14
Removing users I 3-19
Voiding a user account I 3-19
Deleting a user account I 3-20
Moving a user's home directory within a file system I 3-21
Moving a user's directory across file systems I 3-21
Using cpio I 3-21
Using tar I 3-22
Changing a user's shell I 3-23
Administering groups I 3-24
Creating groups I 3-24
The /etc/group file / 3-25
Multiple group memberships I 3-26
Files, directories, folders, and permissions I 3-27
UNIX file-access permissions I 3-27
File permissions I 3-28
Directory and folder permissions I 3-29
Changing file permissions: chrnod I 3-29
Symbolic terms I 3-30
Numeric terms I 3-31
Commands that assume permissions using setuid and setgid I 3-32
The sticky bit I 3-34
Setting default file permissions with wnask I 3-34
Contents vii
How UNIX permissions and Macintosh File-Sharing permissions compare I 3-35
Security I 3-38
Know your open accounts I 3-38
Monitor I etc /password and I etc I group / 3-38
Multiple uscrs--0ne login I 3-39
Password aging I 3-39
Password restrictions I 3-39
Permission restrictions I 3-40
4 Preparing a Hard Disk for A/UX I 4-1
The steps in preparing disks for A/lJX I 4-3
About UNIX file systems I 4-3
Disk partitions I 4-3
Identifying rartitions I 4-5
file systems I 4-6
Accessing file systems I 4-7
Background on Apple Hard Disk SC Setup I 4-9
Choosing a partition I 4-11
Partitioning disks I 4-12
Considerations before you begin I 4-12
Removing a partition I 4-13
Adding a partition I 1-15
Grouping free space I 1-21
Moving a partition I 4-23
Viewing information about partitions I 4-24
Adding swap space I 4-26
Making A/UX file systems I 4-29
Disk parameters: /etc/disktab I 4-29
Making Berkeley file systems: ncwfs I 4-30
Making System V file systems: rnkfs I 4-31
Mounting A/UX file systems I 4-32
Mounting automatically: fsentry I 4-33
Mounting temporarily: mount I 4-34
Unmounting file systems: umount I 4-36
viii Contents
5 Backing Up Your System I 5-1
Backup overview I 5-3
Full versus partial hackups I 5-3
A common hackup scheme I 5-3
Referring to devices hy device file names I 5-4
Multiple archives on a single tape I 5-6
Run levels and backups I 5-7
Hacking up mounted file systems I 5-7
Backup media I 5-7
Storage capacity of hackup media I 5-8
When to use floppy disks I 5-8
When to use tape I 5-9
When to use paper I 5-10
The backup utilities I S-10
Ahout the Finder I 5-11
About cpio I 5-11
cpio and tape backups I 5-13
cpio and the Afill( 3.0 Installation CD-ROM I 5-14
Using cpio I 5-14
Backing up specific files I 5-15
Backing up all files in a directory I 5-15
Creating partial backups I 5-16
Creating multiple-archive backups I 5-16
Listing the contents of the backup medium I 5-16
Extracting specific files from disk or tape I 5-17
Extracting all files from disk or tape I 5-18
Extracting files from multiple-archive backups I 5-19
In the event of hard l/0 errors I 5-19
About tar I 5-20
tar and tape backups I 5-21
If a backup requires multiple volumes I 5-21
Copying to a disk I 5-22
Using tar I 5-23
Backing up specific files I 5-23
Backing up an entire directory I 5-24
Creating multiple-archive backups I 5-24
Appending a file to a disk I 5-25
Adding a later version of a file to a disk I 5-25
Listing the contents of the backup medium I 5-26
Extracting a specific file or directory I 5-26
Extracting files from multiple-archive backups I 5-28
Extracting a particular version of a file I 5-28
Contents ix
About dump. bsd an<l restore / 5-29
Dump levels I 5-30
Using <lump levels in a monthly backup strategy I 5-30
dump.bsd, restore, and tape backups I 5-31
Using dump. bsd I 5-32
Full backups I 5-32
Incremental backups I 5-33
Finding out which file systems to back up I 5-54
Using restore / 5-34
Listing the contents of the backup medium I 5-Yi
Restoring individual files I 5-35
Restoring a full backup I 5-36
Interactive mode for restore I 5-38
Ahout pax I 5-40
pax and tape backups I 5-40
Using pax I 5-40
Backing up specific files I 5-41
!lacking up all files in a directory I 5-41
Listing the contents of the backup medium I 5-42
Extracting specific files from a disk or tape I 542
Extracting all files from a disk or tape I 5-43
Verifying data on backed-up disks I 5-43
Automating system administration with cron I 5-45
User access to cron I 545
The crontab file format I 5-46
Adding cron commands I 5-47
Changing cron commands I 5-48
Removing cron commands I 5-48
6 Managing Disks I 6-l
About autorecovery I 6-3
Overview I 6-3
Using autorecovery I 6-4
How autorecovery works I 6-5
Autorecovery administration I 6-6
The eu utility I 6-6
The eupdate utility I 6-7
Troubleshooting I 6-7
A/UX Startup errors I 6-7
Checking the autorecovery file system I 6-8
Boot time errors I 6-9
Run time errors I 6-10
Clearing autorecovcry partition names I 6-10
x Contents
Reclaiming disk space I 6-11
Removing unneeded files I 6-12
Trimming files that grow I 6-13
Compressing infrequently used files I 6-14
Usage notes I 6-1 'i
Extensions to names of compressed files I 6-15
Compressing an archive of files I 6-16
CD-ROM and A/UX I 6-16
Mounting a CD-ROM as an A/UX file system I 6-17
Accessing the man pages on a CD-ROM I 6-17
7 Managing Printers, Terminals and Modems I 7-1
Peripheral device drivers I 7-3
Ports I 7-3
Managing the lpr print spooler I 7-4
Definitions I 7-5
Setting up the print spooler I 7-6
The printcap database I 7-6
1 pr commands I 7-9
Commands for general use I 7-10
Commands for line printer administrators I 7-10
Steps to set-up another printer in the lpr system I 7-12
Troubleshooting the lpr system I 7-13
lpr error messages I 7-13
1 pq error messages I 7-14
lprm error messages I 7-15
1 pd error messages I 7-16
lpc error messages I 7-16
Writing printer output filters I 7-16
Setting up a terminal I 7-17
The inittab file I 7-18
Format of /etc/inittab I 7-18
The gettydefs file I 7-19
Using another Macintosh computer as a terminal I 7-21
Attaching a Macintosh computer as a terminal I 7-21
Attaching a VTIOO, VT102, or other terminal I 7-25
Setting up a serial port: setport I 7-28
Contents xi