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Apple Human Interface Guidelines PDF

344 Pages·2005·7.33 MB·English
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Apple Human Interface Guidelines 2005-12-06 eMac,Finder,Keynote,Safari,Spotlight, AppleComputer,Inc. andTigeraretrademarksofApple ©1992,2001-2003,2005AppleComputer, Computer,Inc. Inc. Objective-Cisaregisteredtrademarkof Allrightsreserved. NeXTSoftware,Inc. Helveticaisaregisteredtrademarkof Nopartofthispublicationmaybe HeidelbergerDruckmaschinenAG, reproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or availablefromLinotypeLibraryGmbH. transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, mechanical,electronic,photocopying, IntelandPentiumareregisteredtrademarks recording,orotherwise,withoutprior ofIntelCorportationoritssubsidiariesin writtenpermissionofAppleComputer,Inc., theUnitedStatesandothercountries. withthefollowingexceptions:Anyperson JavaandallJava-basedtrademarksare isherebyauthorizedtostoredocumentation trademarksorregisteredtrademarksofSun onasinglecomputerforpersonaluseonly Microsystems,Inc.intheU.S.andother andtoprintcopiesofdocumentationfor countries. personaluseprovidedthatthe documentationcontainsApple’scopyright OpenGLisaregisteredtrademarkofSilicon notice. Graphics,Inc. TheApplelogoisatrademarkofApple SimultaneouslypublishedintheUnited Computer,Inc. StatesandCanada. Useofthe“keyboard”Applelogo EventhoughApplehasreviewedthisdocument, APPLEMAKESNOWARRANTYOR (Option-Shift-K)forcommercialpurposes REPRESENTATION,EITHEREXPRESSOR withoutthepriorwrittenconsentofApple IMPLIED,WITHRESPECTTOTHIS DOCUMENT,ITSQUALITY,ACCURACY, mayconstitutetrademarkinfringementand MERCHANTABILITY,ORFITNESSFORA unfaircompetitioninviolationoffederal PARTICULARPURPOSE.ASARESULT,THIS DOCUMENTISPROVIDED“ASIS,”AND andstatelaws. YOU,THEREADER,AREASSUMINGTHE ENTIRERISKASTOITSQUALITYAND Nolicenses,expressorimplied,aregranted ACCURACY. withrespecttoanyofthetechnology INNOEVENTWILLAPPLEBELIABLEFOR describedinthisdocument.Appleretains DIRECT,INDIRECT,SPECIAL,INCIDENTAL, allintellectualpropertyrightsassociated ORCONSEQUENTIALDAMAGES RESULTINGFROMANYDEFECTOR withthetechnologydescribedinthis INACCURACYINTHISDOCUMENT,evenif document.Thisdocumentisintendedto advisedofthepossibilityofsuchdamages. assistapplicationdeveloperstodevelop THEWARRANTYANDREMEDIESSET applicationsonlyforApple-labeledor FORTHABOVEAREEXCLUSIVEANDIN LIEUOFALLOTHERS,ORALORWRITTEN, Apple-licensedcomputers. EXPRESSORIMPLIED.NoAppledealer,agent, oremployeeisauthorizedtomakeany Everyefforthasbeenmadetoensurethat modification,extension,oradditiontothis theinformationinthisdocumentis warranty. accurate.Appleisnotresponsiblefor Somestatesdonotallowtheexclusionor limitationofimpliedwarrantiesorliabilityfor typographicalerrors. incidentalorconsequentialdamages,sothe abovelimitationorexclusionmaynotapplyto AppleComputer,Inc. you.Thiswarrantygivesyouspecificlegal 1InfiniteLoop rights,andyoumayalsohaveotherrightswhich Cupertino,CA95014 varyfromstatetostate. 408-996-1010 Apple,theApplelogo,AppleScript,Aqua, Carbon,Chicago,Cocoa,FireWire,Geneva, iBook,iCal,iPhoto,iPod,iTunes,Keychain, Logic,Mac,MacOS,Macintosh,Panther, Quartz,QuickDraw,QuickTime,Sherlock, VelocityEngine,andXcodearetrademarks ofAppleComputer,Inc.,registeredinthe UnitedStatesandothercountries. Contents Introduction Introduction to Apple Human Interface Guidelines 19 WhoShouldReadThisDocument? 20 OrganizationofThisDocument 20 ConventionsUsedinThisDocument 21 SeeAlso 21 PartI Application Design Fundamentals 23 Chapter1 The Design Process 25 InvolvingUsersintheDesignProcess 25 KnowYourAudience 25 AnalyzeUserTasks 26 BuildPrototypes 26 ObserveUsers 26 GuidelinesforConductingUserObservations 27 MakingDesignDecisions 28 AvoidFeatureCascade 29 Applythe80PercentSolution 29 Chapter2 Characteristics of Great Software 31 HighPerformance 31 EaseofUse 32 AttractiveAppearance 34 Reliability 35 Adaptability 36 Interoperability 36 Mobility 37 Chapter3 Human Interface Design 39 HumanInterfaceDesignPrinciples 39 Metaphors 39 ReflecttheUser’sMentalModel 40 ExplicitandImpliedActions 41 DirectManipulation 42 3 2005-12-06 | ©1992,2001-2003,2005AppleComputer,Inc.AllRightsReserved. C O N T E N T S UserControl 42 FeedbackandCommunication 42 Consistency 43 WYSIWYG(WhatYouSeeIsWhatYouGet) 44 Forgiveness 44 PerceivedStability 44 AestheticIntegrity 45 Modelessness 45 ManagingComplexityinYourSoftware 46 KeepYourUsersinMind 47 WorldwideCompatibility 47 UniversalAccessibility 49 ExtendingtheInterface 51 BuildontheExistingInterface 51 Don’tAssignNewBehaviorstoExistingObjects 51 CreateaNewInterfaceElementCautiously 51 PartII The Macintosh Experience 53 Chapter4 The Mac OS X Environment 55 TheAlways-OnEnvironment 55 Displays 55 TheDock 56 ConveyingInformationintheDock 56 ClickingintheDock 56 TheFinder 57 FileFormatsandFilenameExtensions 57 Internationalization 58 MultipleUserIssues 58 ResourceManagement 59 Threads 59 Chapter5 Using Mac OS X Technologies 61 AddressBook 61 Automator 62 Bonjour 63 Colors 63 Dashboard 64 High-LevelDesignGuidelinesforWidgets 65 User-InterfaceDesignGuidelinesforWidgets 66 Fonts 67 Preferences 68 Printing 69 4 2005-12-06 | ©1992,2001-2003,2005AppleComputer,Inc.AllRightsReserved. C O N T E N T S Security 69 Speech 70 Spotlight 70 UserAssistance 73 AppleHelp 73 HelpTags 74 Chapter6 Software Installation and Software Updates 77 Packaging 77 IdentifySystemRequirements 77 BundleYourSoftware 78 Installation 78 UseInternet-EnabledDiskImages 78 Drag-and-DropInstallation 78 InstallationPackages 79 GeneralInstallerGuidelines 79 SetupAssistants 80 UpdatingInstalledApplications 82 PartIII The Aqua Interface 85 Chapter7 User Input 87 TheMouseandOtherPointingDevices 87 Clicking 87 Double-Clicking 88 PressingandHolding 88 Dragging 88 TheKeyboard 89 TheFunctionsofSpecificKeys 89 KeyboardShortcuts 96 KeyboardFocusandNavigation 99 Type-AheadandKey-Repeat 100 Selecting 101 SelectionMethods 101 SelectionsinText 104 SelectionsinSpreadsheets 106 SelectionsinGraphics 106 EditingText 107 InsertingText 107 DeletingText 107 ReplacingaSelection 107 IntelligentCutandPaste 107 EditingTextFields 108 5 2005-12-06 | ©1992,2001-2003,2005AppleComputer,Inc.AllRightsReserved. C O N T E N T S EnteringPasswords 109 Chapter8 Drag and Drop 111 Drag-and-DropOverview 111 Drag-and-DropSemantics 112 MoveVersusCopy 112 WhentoChecktheOptionKeyState 113 SelectionFeedback 113 Single-GestureSelectionandDragging 113 BackgroundSelections 113 DragFeedback 114 DestinationFeedback 114 Windows 114 Text 115 Lists 115 MultipleDraggedItems 115 AutomaticScrolling 115 UsingtheTrashasaDestination 115 DropFeedback 116 FinderIcons 116 Graphics 116 Text 116 TransferringaSelection 116 FeedbackforanInvalidDrop 117 Clippings 117 Chapter9 Text 119 Fonts 119 Style 120 InsertingSpacesBetweenSentences 121 UsingtheEllipsisCharacter 121 LabelsforInterfaceElements 122 CapitalizationofInterfaceElements 122 UsingContractionsintheInterface 123 DeveloperTermsandUserTerms 123 Chapter10 Icons 125 IconGenresandFamilies 125 ApplicationIcons 127 DocumentIcons 129 IconsforPlug-ins 130 HardwareandRemovableMediaIcons 130 ToolbarIcons 131 6 2005-12-06 | ©1992,2001-2003,2005AppleComputer,Inc.AllRightsReserved. C O N T E N T S IconPerspectivesandMaterials 132 SuggestedProcessforCreatingAquaIcons 134 TipsforDesigningAquaIcons 135 Chapter11 Cursors 137 StandardCursors 137 DesigningYourOwnCursors 141 Chapter12 Menus 143 MenuBehavior 143 DesigningtheElementsofMenus 145 TitlingMenus 145 NamingMenuItems 145 UsingIconsinMenus 147 UsingSymbolsinMenus 148 ToggledMenuItems 150 GroupingItemsinMenus 151 HierarchicalMenus(Submenus) 152 TheMenuBarandItsMenus 153 TheAppleMenu 155 TheApplicationMenu 156 TheFileMenu 157 TheEditMenu 159 TheFormatMenu 162 TheViewMenu 163 Application-SpecificMenus 165 TheWindowMenu 165 TheHelpMenu 166 MenuBarExtras 167 ContextualMenus 167 DockMenus 168 Chapter13 Windows 171 TypesofWindows 171 WindowAppearance 172 TheTitleBar 173 Toolbars 178 Drawers 178 SourceLists 180 BrushedMetalWindows 181 WindowBehavior 184 OpeningWindows 184 NamingNewWindows 185 7 2005-12-06 | ©1992,2001-2003,2005AppleComputer,Inc.AllRightsReserved. C O N T E N T S PositioningWindows 186 MovingWindows 188 ResizingandZoomingWindows 189 MinimizingandExpandingWindows 189 ClosingWindows 190 WindowLayering 190 ScrollingWindows 194 UtilityWindows 196 InspectorWindows 198 InfoWindows 199 AboutWindows 200 FontsWindowandColorsWindow 201 Dialogs 201 TypesofDialogsandWhentoUseThem 201 DialogAppearanceandBehavior 207 FindWindows 210 PreferencesWindows 210 TheOpenDialog 211 DialogsforSaving,Closing,andQuitting 213 TheChooseDialog 219 PrintingDialogs 220 Chapter14 Controls 225 Buttons 225 PushButtons 226 MetalButtons 228 BevelButtons 230 IconButtons 231 RoundButtons 232 TheHelpButton 233 SelectionControls 234 RadioButtons 235 Checkboxes 236 SegmentedControl 238 IconButtonsandBevelButtonsWithPop-UpMenus 240 Pop-UpMenus 241 CommandPop-DownMenus 245 CombinationBoxes 247 Placards 249 ColorWells 249 ImageWells 250 DatePickers 251 AdjustmentControls 252 TheStepperControl(LittleArrows) 252 SliderControls 253 8 2005-12-06 | ©1992,2001-2003,2005AppleComputer,Inc.AllRightsReserved. C O N T E N T S Indicators 255 ProgressIndicators 255 RelevanceIndicators 256 LevelIndicators 257 TextControls 260 StaticText 260 TextInputFields 260 TokenFields 262 SearchFields 263 ScrollingLists 265 ViewControls 266 DisclosureTriangles 266 DisclosureButtons 268 ListViews 269 ColumnViews 270 SplitViews 270 TabViews 272 GroupingControls 277 Separators 277 GroupBoxes 278 Chapter15 Layout Examples 283 PositioningFull-SizeControls 283 ASimplePreferencesDialog 283 AChangeablePaneDialog 287 AStandardAlert 291 BrushedMetalApplicationWindowExample 292 UsingSmallandMiniVersionsofControls 293 LayoutExampleforSmallControls 293 LayoutExampleforMiniControls 297 GroupingControls 298 GroupingWithSeparators 299 GroupingWithWhiteSpace 300 GroupingWithGroupBoxes 301 UsingaPop-upMenuinPlaceofTabs 302 AppendixA Keyboard Shortcuts Quick Reference 305 AppendixB Prioritizing Design Decisions 313 MeetMinimumRequirements 314 DelivertheFeaturesUsersExpect 315 DifferentiateYourApplication 316 9 2005-12-06 | ©1992,2001-2003,2005AppleComputer,Inc.AllRightsReserved. C O N T E N T S Glossary 319 Document Revision History 329 Index 333 10 2005-12-06 | ©1992,2001-2003,2005AppleComputer,Inc.AllRightsReserved.

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Contents Introduction Introduction to Apple Human Interface Guidelines 19 Who Should Read This Document? 20 Organization of This Document 20 Conventions Used in This
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