Appendix S1 Area codings used to reconstruct ancestral areas using

14 Pages·2012·0.46 MB·English

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Evolution of terrestrial birds in three continents: biogeography and parallel radiations
Per G. P. ERICSON
Journal of Biogeography

Appendix S1 Area codings used to reconstruct ancestral areas using dispersal–
vicariance analysis.

Name of terminal branch Geographic distribution used in dispersal–vicariance analysis

Cathartidae Nearctic, Neotropics
Sagittaridae Afrotropics
Accipitridae - Elanus Nearctic, Neotropics, Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia
Accipitridae - other genera Afrotropics
Pandionidae Nearctic, Neotropics, Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia
Leptosomidae Madagascar
Coliidae Afrotropics
Trogonidae - Apaloderma Afrotropics
Trogonidae - other genera Neotropics, Indomalaya
Meropidae - Nyctyornis Indomalaya
Meropidae - other genera Afrotropics, Australasia
Todidae Neotropics
Alcedinidae - Alcedo / Ceyx Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia, Madagascar
Alcedinidae - other genera Indomalaya
Momotus Neotropics
Brachypteracidae Madagascar
Coraciidae Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia, Madagascar
Megalaimidae Indomalaya
Capitonidae, Lybiidae, Ramphastidae Neotropics, Afrotropics
Indicatoridae Afrotropics
Jynginae Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya
Picinae Indomalaya
Bucconidae Neotropics
Galbulidae Neotropics
Bucerotidae - Bucorvus Afrotropics
Bucerotidae - other genera Afrotropics, Indomalaya, Australasia
Phoeniculidae Afrotropics
Upupidae Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Madagascar
Strigidae - Otus Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia, Madagascar
Strigidae - other genera Nearctic
Tytonidae - Phodilus Afrotropics, Indomalaya
Tytonidae&rest Neotropics, Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia, Madagascar
Passeriformes - Acanthisitta Australasia
Passeriformes - other genera Australasia
Psittaciformes - Nestor Australasia
Psittaciformes - other genera Australasia
Falconidae - Micrastur / Herpotheres Neotropics
Falconidae - other genera Neotropics, Afrotropics, Indomalaya
Cariamidae Neotropics
Appendix S2 Ancestral analyses for each of the subclades analysed herein (Figs S1–
12). References cited below are given in full in the main paper.

Figure S1 Ancestral area analysis for the diurnal raptors (Accipitridae) based on a
phylogenetic tree obtained in a Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA
(Lerner & Mindell, 2005, figure 2). The published phylogenetic tree is simplified such
that all genera not recovered as monophyletic were pooled and analysed as genus
groups. The genus Elanus, which is the sister group of all other extant diurnal raptors,
has an essentially global distribution, being absent only from Madagascar. The
reconstructed ancestral area for the remaining species is the Afrotropics.
Figure S2 Ancestral area analysis for the New World vultures (Cathartidae) based on
a phylogenetic tree obtained in a maximum-likelihood analysis of 999 bp cytochrome
b sequences downloaded from GenBank (log likelihood –4112.9698 of best-fit tree,
Per Ericson, unpublished). Note that outgroups are removed from the tree, which is
drawn with all branches of equal length. The three species of the genus Cathartes
form the sister group of the remaining genera.
Figure S3 Ancestral area analysis for the trogons (Trogonidae) based on a
phylogenetic tree obtained in a Bayesian analysis of nuclear DNA (Johansson &
Ericson, 2005). The African trogons (genus Apaloderma) form the sister group to a
clade with the reciprocally monophyletic Asian and New World trogons.
Figure S4 Ancestral area analysis for the bee-eaters (Meropidae) based on a
phylogenetic tree obtained in a Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA
obtained from 23 of 25 named species (Marks et al., 2007). The tree is simplified
from figure 2b in Marks et al. (2007). The two Indomalayan species of the genus
Nyctyornis are the sister taxon to the genera Meropogon and Merops. Several Merops
species were lumped into two large groups named the M. boehmi clade and the M.
ornatus clade. All taxa in the former are geographically restricted in the Afrotropics,
while the latter clade includes species distributed all over the world, except in the
New World.
Figure S5 Ancestral area analysis for the kingfishers (Alcedinidae) based on a
phylogenetic tree obtained in a Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA
(Moyle, 2006). Figure 2 in Moyle (2006) was used to draw a simplified, genus-level
tree. Indomalaya is reconstructed as the ancestral area for all other kingfishers.
Figure S6 Ancestral area analysis for the barbets and toucans (Megalaimidae,
Lybiidae, Capitonidae, Ramphastidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a
maximum-likelihood analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (Moyle, 2004,
figure 4a). The tree is simplified to show only generic relationships. Note that non-
monophyletic genera have been pooled. The speciose Indomalayan genera Megalaima
(with Psilopogon nested within it) and Caloramphus form the sister clade to all other
barbets and toucans. The ancestral area of the latter clade is reconstructed as
Afrotropics + Neotropics.
Figure S7 Ancestral area analysis for the wrynecks and woodpeckers (Jyngidae and
Picidae) based on a composite phylogenetic tree obtained from two analyses of DNA
data with complementary taxon sampling (Benz et al., 2006; Fuchs et al., 2007). Both
analyses place the wrynecks (Jyngidae) as sister to all woodpeckers (Picidae), and the
piculets as sister to all other woodpeckers.
Figure S8 Ancestral area analysis for the barn owls (Tytonidae) based on a
phylogenetic tree obtained in an analysis of mitochondrial DNA from 17 taxa (Wink
et al., 2004, figure 1). No consensus could be reached concerning the ancestral area
for the tytonid clade. All major faunal regions, except the Palearctic, were suggested
to be involved.
Figure S9 Ancestral area analysis for the owls (Strigidae) based on a phylogenetic
tree obtained in an analysis of mitochondrial DNA from 13 genera (Wink et al.,
2004). The genus Otus, which is the sister to the other studied genera of owls, is
represented in essentially all parts of the world except the Nearctic and Neotropics.
The ancestral state for the remaining genera was reconstructed as Nearctic.