Appendix 1 Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council

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Appendix 1 of Sciences-National Research Council Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy Revised 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances, a Designed for the maintenance of good nutrition of practically all healthy people in the United States Fat-Soluble Vitamins Water-Soluble Vitamins Minerals Ribo Vita-Vila-Vita-Vi",-Vi",-Thia-Vi", Fo-Vila Sele CaI-PIIos-Magne-Weight" Height" min min min A D E nium Protein min min min flavin Niacin min lale min 88Age (years) Zinc K C Iodine cium phoros sium Iron 12 6 a-n)' (em) (in) (mg) (mg) (mg) Category or Condition (lIg)" (mg (lIg) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg (mg) (Ib) (mg) (mg) (mg) (kg) (g) ()1g) (lIg) (II RE)' ()1g) NE)' M O.O-U.5 6 13 6U 24 400 300 6 375 7.5 30 0.3 25 0.3 Infants 13 40 10 40 ~ M 10 0.5-1.0 9 20 71 28 14 375 10 4 0.6 35 35 0.5 500 60 10 600 50 IS ~ 400 (() U 13 1-3 29 9U 35 6 15 9 1.0 50 0.7 16 40 Children 80 800 70 800 10 10 20 ~ sao 1.1 4-6 20 112 24 20 45 09 12 44 44 1.1 75 1.0 800 7 120 \0 800 10 10 90 20 45 7-10 10 13 28 62 132 52 28 700 1.4 100 1.4 30 10 170 10 120 800 800 12 30 I~ 13 1.5 11-14 45 SO ISO 2.0 1000 10 45 99 157 62 17 1.7 1200 1200 270 4S Males 10 12 15 150 40 1.5 1M 15-18 66 145 176 69 59 400 1000 65 60 20 2.0 200 2.U \0 (() 150 50 1200 1200 12 IS 1.5 19-24 70 58 10 1000 70 19 10 72 160 177 60 2.0 200 2.0 1200 1200 350 10 150 70 IS I~ 1.5 80 25-50 174 176 70 63 79 1000 5 19 60 2.0 200 2.0 IS 10 800 10 800 350 150 70 I~ 10 12 IA 80 60 51+ 2.0 200 2.0 170 68 63 15 350 IS 1000 10 800 800 150 70 77 173 U 101 1.3 50 46 11-14 46 45 1.1 15 1.4 150 2.0 62 IS IS7 Females 800 1200 1200 280 10 ~ ~ 10 15-18 1.3 300 44 60 1200 1200 55 120 163 64 800 1.1 1.5 180 2.0 150 50 15 IS U 55 U 10 19-24 1.3 60 15 58 128 164 65 46 800 60 1.1 1.6 180 2.0 1200 1200 150 IS 280 ~ 1.3 25-50 1.1 1.6 180 2.0 15 SO 60 280 800 63 138 163 64 800 5 65 12 150 IS 800 ~ U 10 60 800 51+ 65 143 160 63 65 1.0 1.2 1.6 180 2.0 13 SO 280 800 150 800 ~ 10 10 400 70 800 65 1.5 1.6 6S 1200 1200 320 60 17 2.2 2.2 15 175 30 Pregnant 1300 10 12 95 65 1.6 1.8 1200 1200 65 20 2.1 280 2.6 355 I 19 200 7S Lactating s1 6 months IS 65 1.6 1200 1.7 2nd 6 months 10 62 2.1 260 2.6 1200 1200 16 20 90 340 7S II IS 200 that 'The allowances, expressed as average daily intakes over time, are intended to pages 16-17). The use of these figures does not imply the height-to-weight ratios are ideal. among most nonnal persons as they live in the provide for individual variations = 'Retinol equivalents. I retinol equivalent I (Jg retinol or 6 (Jg of P-carotene. United States under usual environmental stresses. Diets should be based on a variety of common foods in order to provide other nutrients for which human requirements of vitamin A activity of diets as retinol equivalents. See text for caculation = of allowances and of (Jg cholecalciferol 400 IV of vitamin D. have been less well defined. See text for detailed discussion "As cholecalciferol. 10 = See nutrients not tabulated. Tocopherol equivalents. I mg tocopherol I a-TIl. text for variation '0:-0-0: of Reference Adults are actual medians for the U.S. popula 'Weights and heights of vitamin E activity of the diet as a-tocopherol equiva in allowances and calculation of the designated age, as reported by NHANES II. median weights and lents. tion The of those under 19 years of age were taken from Hamill et al. (1979) (see 'I (niacin equivalent) is equal to I mg of niacin or 60 mg of dietary tryptophan. heights NE

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Appendix 2
Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes of
Selected Vitamins and Mineralsa
Vitamins
Age Biotin Pantothenic
Category (years) (/Lg) Acid (mg)
Infants 0-0.5 10 2
0.5-1 15 3
Children and 1-3 20 3
adolescents 4-6 25 3-4
7-10 30 4-5
11+ 30-100 4-7
Adults 30-100 4-7
Trace Elementsb
Age Cu Mn F Cr Mo
Category (years) (mg) (mg) (mg) (/Lg) (/Lg)
Infants 0-0.5 0.4-0.6 0.3-0.6 0.1-0.5 10-40 15-30
0.5-1 0.6-0.7 0.6-1.0 0.2-1.0 20-60 20-40
Children and 1-3 0.7-1.0 1.0-1.5 0.5-1.5 20-80 25-50
adolescents 4-6 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.0 1.0-2.5 30-120 30-75
7-10 1.0-2.0 2.0-3.0 \.5-2.5 50-200 50-150
11+ 1.5-2.5 2.0-5.0 \.5-2.5 50-200 75-250
Adults 1.5-3.0 2.5-5.0 1.5-4.0 50-200 75-250
'Because there is less information on which to base allowances, these figures are not given in the
main table of RDA and are provided here in the form of ranges of recommended intakes.
bBecause the toxic levels for many trace elements may be only several times usual intakes, the
upper levels for the trace elements given in this table should not be habitually exceeded.
Source: National Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. Washington,
D.C., National Academy Press, 1989, p. 284. Reprinted with permission.
378
scorbic cid mg) 30 30 30 30 b 40b 3030 30 60 60 b 60b 5080 80 45 45 75 75 60 60 30 30 ntinued)
AA( co
(
WHO Niacin (mg NE) 20< 14< d 19d 1322 15 20 15 15 14 20 17 18 15 20 16 12b 12b 18 15 19 14
I
FAO Ribo-flavin (mg) 1.8 1.3 1.7 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.1

d
s an hiamin mg) 1.2 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.8
e T(
i
r
unt min RE) 50 50 50 50 00 00 50 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 50 50
Co VitaA (JLg 777710877881091088 79 910877
cted Iron (mg) d 721d 7 14' 9 13 6 19 12 18 12 14 10 18 10 15 12 18 12 18 9 28
e
3 n Sel alcium mg) 450' 450' 800 800 800 700 500 500 800 800 800 800 800 800 600 600 800 700 800 800 450 450
Appendix r Adults i Protein C(g) ( b 37b 2970 58 61 50 b 5341b 90 80 b 105b 9081 60 85 75 0.9 g/kg 0.9 g/kg 94 70 60 45
o
f
ards Calories 3000 2200 2800 2000 3000 2100 3000 2200 3000 2700 3000 2300 2700 2000 3000 2400 2600 2200 3200 2400 2900 2050
d
n
y Sta Activity MA MA b FNb FNMA MA MA MA MA MA MA LA b FNb FNMA MA SA SA MA MA MA MA
r
a
et Wt kg) 65 55 70 58 71 58 65 55 63 53 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 70 60 63 52
Di (
nded Age (yr) 18-30 18-30 18-35 18-35 19-24 19-24 20--39 20--39 18-44 18-44 19-34 19-34 Adult Adult 18-35 18-35 Adult Adult 19-30 19-30 19-40 19-40
me ex M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
S
m
eco Rep) ep)
R Country FAa/WHO' Australia' Canada' Caribbean' China' Czechoslovakia' France' Germany' (former Dem Germany' (former Fed R Hungary' INCAP'
tM -..I Ie
c
scorbicid mg) 40 40 30 30 60 60 45 45 50 50 55 55 50 50 70 70 75 70 72h 62h 45 45 60 60 50 50
AA(
Niacin (mg NE) 19 15 17' 12' 19 15 20 14 17 14 16b 13 25 18 NS NS 25 18 19" 16" 20 15 18 14 15 12
Ribo flavin (mg) 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.0 2.3f 2.0f 1.8 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.3
n
hiamimg) 1.4 1.4 1.0 0.8 1.5 1.1 l.2 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.2b 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.8e l.4e l.2 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.9
T(
Vitamin A (IJ-g RE) 750 750 4000 IV 3500 IV 1000 800 750 750 2000 IV 1800 IV 700 700 1000 1000 1000 800 525 450 1500 1500 750 750 1000 800 750 750
) Iron (mg) 24 32 9 28 10 15 10 18 10 12 10 18 10 18 10 16 12 26b 18d 18d 10 18 10 18 7 23
d
ontinue Calcium (mg) 450b 450b 500 500 1200 1200 600 600 600 600 600 600 500 500 800b 800b 500 500 800 800 600 600 600 800 500 500
c
dix 3 ( Protein (g) 55 45 51 40 0.8 g/kg 0.8 g/kg 64 53 70 60 70 60 83 71 79 60 60 52 96' 80' 54 41 75 62 65 55
n g g
Appe Calories 2800 2200 2530 1880 33 kcallk31 kcal/k3000 2160 2550 2000 2500 2000 2750 2000 2900 2250 2570 1900 3050b 2500b 3000 2300 3150 2500 2700 2200
y
vit A A Nb Nb S S A A A A A A S S A A A A A A Nb Nb A A S S
cti MMFFNNMMMMMMNNMMMMMMFFMMNN
A
Wt kg) NS NS 55 47 NS NS 65 54 64 52 64 52' 65 55 NS NS 56 49 NS NS NS NS 70 60 65 55
(
Age (yr) Adult Adult 20-39 20-39 18-25 18-25 20-39 20-39 20-29 20-29 20-29 20-49 18-34 18-34 19-22 19-22 20-39 20-39 18-60 18-60 20-40 20-40 19-30 19-30 19-39 19-39
ex M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
S
Country India' Indonesia' Israel' Italy' Japan' Korea' Mexico' Netherlands' Philippines' Russia' Spain' Sweden' Turkey'

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United Kingdom' M 18-34 NS MA 2900 72 500 10 1.2 750 1.6 18 30 b 18-34 2150 54 500 NS FN12 1.3 F 750 0.9 15 20 b FN10 2900 58 1200 United States' 19-24 72 60 1000 1.5 M 1.7 19 b 58 FN2200 46 1200 15 800 19-24 1.3 60 15 F 1.1 Venezuela' 20--39 65 NS 3000 63 450 9 750 M 1.2 1.6 20 30 NS 48 450 28 55 2200 750 0.9 F 20--39 1.2 14 30 = = = = = FN footnote; NS not specified; LA light activity; MA medium or moderate activity; SA sedentary activity Explanations: The purpose for establishing a national dietary standard is not the same in all countries. Some variation in nutrient allowances from country to country should therefore be expected. The "reference" individual varies in different countries, and even in instances where presumed similar objectives exist among countries is no uniform agreement as to the nutrient allowance that may be as to the purpose and usefulness of proposed dietary standards, the table shows that there considered desirable. FAO/WHO (1985) 'Handbook on Human Nutritional Requirements. FAO Nutritional Studies No. 28, WHO Monograph Series No. 61, Rome, 1974; Energy and Protein Requirements, Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Group, Technical Report Series No. 724, 1985. bProtein quality varies from country to country. The FAO/ is stated in terms of high-quality protein of milk or egg (protein score of 1(0). Protein recommendations are 46 g for males and 36 g for females WHO standard for a protein score of 80; and 62 g for males and 47 g for females for a protein score of 60. 'Average of 0.4-0.5 g of calcium recommended for both males of 5-9 mg of iron for males, and 14-28 mg iron for females. The recommendations were based on the assumption that the upper limit and females. dAverage of iron absorption is 10% if less than 10% of kilocalories come from foods of animal origin. 'Rounded to nearest whole number. Australia (1987) 'Recommended Dietary Intakes for Use in Australia. National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, bBasic activity level. 'Average of 12-16 mg range. dAverage of 18-20 mg range for males, and 12-14 mg range for women. 1987. Canada (1990) of the Scientific Review Committee. bSmokers should increase vitamin C by 'Nutrition Recommendations. From Health and Welfare Canada: The Report 50%. Caribbean (1979) 70 for 'Recommended Dietary Allowances for Use in the Caribbean. Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute, Kingston, Jamaica, 1979. bAdjusted to NPU = average Caribbean diet. China (1988) Acta Nutrimenta Sinica, 'Chinese Nutrition Society. Recommended Dietary Allowances, Revised October, 1988. 12:3, March 1990. (continued)

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Appendix 3 (continued) Czechoslovakia (1981) bProtein and Vitamin recommendations increase with calories for increasing "Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 1981. degrees of activity. France (1981) de Coordination des Etudes et Recherches sur I'Alimentation et la Nutrition (CNERNA), 1981. "Apports "Apports Nutritionnels Conseilles du Centre National la popUlation francaise." Technique et Documentation, Paris. Nutritionnels Conseilles pour Germany, former Democratic Republic (1980) "Central Institute of Nutrition, Science Academy of the GDR and Nutrition Society of the GDR. Ketz, H.A. and Moehr, M.: Durchschnittswerte des physiologischen Energie-und Niihrstoffbedarfs fiir die Beviilkerung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Zentralinstitut fiir Emiihrung der Akademie der in der DDR, Autlage, 1980. Wissenschaften der DDR und der Gesellschaft fiir Emiihrung Germany, former Federal Republic (1975) "German Nutrition Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Emiihrung). Empfehlungenfur die Niihrstoffzufur-Emfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaftfur Erniihrung 4th ed. 1979, Umschau-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main. V., e. Hungary (1988) L.: "Biro, G. and Karoly, Tapanyagtablazat, Tapanyagszukseglet es Tapanyag-Osszetetel (Food Composition Tables. Requirements and Composition of 11th revised, enlarged edition. Medicina, Konyvkiado, Budapest, 1988. Nutrients), INCAP (1973) "Institute of Nutrition for Central America and Panama (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama, Instituto de Nutricion). "Recommendaciones Dieteticas Diarias para Centro America y Panama," Publicacion INCAP E-709, 1973. India (1981) of Medical Research, National Institute of Nutrition. Recommended Dietary Intakes of Nutrients, 1981. 2:3, Hyberabad. "Indian Council Nutrition News, of 400--500 mg range for both males and females. bAverage Indonesia (1980) "Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) , Indonesia. 53:972, 1983. "RDA's "for good health in Indonesia." Nutr Abs Rev, Clinical Nutrition Series A, mg of niacin for males, and 12.4 mg for females. Activity level not specified. 'Figures were rounded: from 16.7 Israel (1990) "Recommended Dietary Allowances. State of Israel Ministry of Health, Department of Nutrition, 1990. (Based on National Academy of Sciences USA 1989 and World Health Organization.)

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Italy (1978) 'Commissione "Ad Hoc" Della Societa Italiana di Nutrizione Umana, Istituto Nazionale Della Nutrizione, Ministero Dell 'Agricoltura e Delle Foreste (1978): "Livelli di Assunzione Raccomandati di Nutrienti per gli Italiani," Roma. Japan (1991) of Health and Welfare, 'Recommended Dietary Allowances, revised 1991. From the Health Promotion and Nutrition Division, Health Policy Bureau, Ministry Tokyo, Japan. Korea (1989) 'Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances. Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, Kyonggi, Korea. "Figures were rounded from 1.25 mg for thiamin and 16.5 mg for niacin. 'Figure was rounded from 52.5 g of protein. Mexico (1970) H., Chavez, A., and Arroyo, P.: Recommendaciones de Nutrimentos para la Poblacion Mexicana. Publ. L-17, Instituto Nacional de Nutricion, 'Bourges, 1970. Netherlands de Minister van Welzijn, Volksgezondheid en Cultuur en de Minister van Landbouw en Visserij inzake voeding en voedselvoorziening, 'Adviescollege van Voedingsraad. Philippines (1989) of Science and Technology. Recommended Dietary Allowances for Filipinos, 1989 ed. bCannot be met 'Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department by the usual diet; thus supplementation is recommended. Russia (1980) po 'Institute of Nutrition, U.S.S.R. Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow. Voroncova, I.M. and Mazurina, A.V.: "Spravochnik Detskoy Dietetike." Medicina, Leningrad. ("Guide in Children's Dietetics"); Vanhanen, V.D. et al.: Higiene Pitanija" (1980), Zdorovja, Kiev. ("Nutrition Hygiene") ..... Dietary allowances shown are for people living "in cities with developed communal services." Figures shown are rounded averages. bAverage for calories (2800-3300 77-84 gm for females); dAverage for iron (15-20 mg for both males and females); for males, 2400-2600 for females); 'Average for protein (92-99 g for males, (1.7-1.8 mg for males, 1.4--1.5 mg for females); 'Average for riboflavin (2.2-2.4 mg for males, 1.9-2.0 mg for females); "Average for 'Average for thiamin mg for males, 60-65 mg for females). niacin (10-18 mg for males, 15-17 mg for females); hAverage for vitamin C (70-75 Spain (1980) 'Institute of Nutrition, Madrid and Spanish Nutrition Society. Instituto de Nutricion (CSIC) Facultad de Farmaciaciudad Universitaria, Madrid (1980). "Ingestas Recomendadas de Energia y Nutrientes para la Poblacion Espanola." "Energy for active work; subtract 10% for light work; add 20% for very active work. 'Protein NPU 70. = (continued)
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Appendix 3 (continued) Sweden (1989) 'Swedish Nutrition Recommendations (Svenska naringsrekommendationer, SNR), 2nd ed. Statens livsmedelsverk, National Food Administration, Cppsala, Sweden, 1989. Turkey (1972) of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Hacettepe Universitesi, Ankara. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 1972. 'Institute United Kingdom (1979) of People in the United Kingdom. Report by the Committee on Medical Aspects 'Recommended Daily Amounts of Food Energy and Nutrients for Groups of Food Policy, Department of Health and Social Security, London, 1979 (as per third impression, 1985). United States (1989) 'Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1989. Venezuela (1976) 'National Institute of Nutrition, National Council for Scientific Investigations and Technology. Instituto Nacional de Nutricion, Consejo Nacional de Investigaci de Nutrientes de al Poblacion Venezolana." Serie de Cuademos Azules, publication no. ones Cientificas y Technologicas (1976). "Requerimientos de Energi y 38. Republica de Venezuela.

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Appendix 4
The Food Guide Pyramid (USAt
The Pyramid is a general guide of what to eat daily for a healthful diet. The small tip of the Pyramid
represents fats, oils, and sweets. This group provides calories and little else nutritionally. The base
of the pyramid are grains, cereals, breads, rice, and pasta. On top of the base are fruit and vegetable
groups. Below the tip are milk and meat groups. Details for recommended servings for each group
in the Pyramid are given below:
KEY
Fats. Oils & Sweets .. Fat (naturoly
USE SPARINGLY .. occur1ng
and cx:lded)
These syrrOoIs show fots. oils. and
odded sugas In foods.
Milk. Yogurt & Meal. Poultry. Fish.
Cheese Group Dry Beans. Eggs &
2-3 SERVINGS Nuts Group
2-3 SERVINGS
Vegetable Fruil
Group Group
3-5 SERVINGS 2-4 SERVINGS
'Source: USDA Home and Garden Bullelin No. 249. 1992.
Whal Counts as a Serving?
Breads, cereals, rice and pasta (Contribute complex carbohydrates, riboflavin, thiamin, niacin,
iron, protein, magnesium, and fiber.) The amount you eat may be more than I serving.
A dinner portion of pasta would count as 2 or 3 servings:
• '/2 cup of cooked pasta or rice
• '12 cup of cooked cereal
• I oz. of ready-to-eat cereal
• I slice of bread
• '/2 bagel or hamburger bun
Milk, yogurt and cheese (Contribute calcium, riboflavin, protein, vitamin B'2' and, when forti
fied, vitamins A and D.)
• I cup milk
• I cup yogurt
• I '12 to 2 oz. of cheese
(continued)
385
Appendix 4 (continued)
Vegetables (Contribute vitamins A and C, folic acid, potassium, magnesium, and fiber. Traces or
very low in fat and cholesterol.)
• '14 cup of vegetable juice
• '12 cup of chopped raw or cooked vegetables
• 1 cup of raw, leafy vegetables
Fruits (Contribute vitamins A and C, potassium, and fiber. Traces or very low in sodium, fat,
and cholesterol.)
• 1 medium apple, banana, orange
• % cup of juice
• 1/2 cup of canned or cooked fruit
• 1/4 cup of dried fruit
Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs and nuts (Contribute protein, phosphorus, vitamins B6 and
B12, thiamin, niacin, iron, magnesium, and zinc.)
• 2 or 3 oz. of cooked lean meat, poultry or fish
Count as 1 oz. of lean meat:
• 1/2 cup of cooked dry beans
• I egg
• 2 tablespoons of peanut butter
Recommended Servings Each Day
Women and some Children, teenage girls, Teenage boys and
older adults active women, most men active men
Calorie level About 1500 About 2200 About 2800
Bread group 6 9 II
Vegetable group 3 4 5
Fruit group 2 3 4
Milk group 2-3 2-3 2-3
Meat group 2 (total 5 oz) 2 (total 6 oz) 2 (total 7 oz)
386