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Appalachian Culture and Economic Development - kylechafin PDF

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Appalachian Culture and Economic Development siw e.dLLlanoR ytisrevin Uainigri VtseW sgnilli B. BthgiwD ykcutne Kf oytisrevinU Abstratuoba deirrcow evah srekam ycilotp dna ,sremrof:er ,srotatnemm oc sa gnol s a tsomla roF eht fo noiger niatnuom nrehtuos eht ni eraflew namuh dna ,snoitidnoc gnivil ,emocni evorpmi ot woh ni evil ohw esoht fo erutluc eht neewteb tsixe ot demussa si pihsnoitaler tnacifingis a ,setatS detinU eht tuoba snoitpmussa ,deednI .tnempoleved cimonoce s'noiger eht rof stcepsorp eht dna aihcalappA a tcaf ni si aihcalappA taht noitpmuserp yrev eht ecneulfni erutluc naihcalappA fo ssenevitcnitsid a fo noiton eht ta ffocs dluow snaciremA tsom hguoht neve erutluc evitcnitsid a htiw noiger etercsid .erutluc cadnoridA na ro erutluc niatnuoM ykcoR sdnetnoc aihcalappA tuoba erutaretil ylralohcs dna ralupop tsav eht fo hcum ni emeht lartnec A cimonoce ,decrofnier tsael ta ro ,ot detubirtnoc evah erutluc niatnuom ni seicneicifed taht cimonoce dna ycneicifed larutluc sknil hcihw htym eht hguohtlA .ytrevop dna ssendrawkcab yb nettirw erutaretil fo ydob egral a ,yrutnec a rof gnivlove neeb sah aihcalappA ni tnempolevedrednu ,seiduts reilrae fo lasiarppaer a htiw gnola ,sraey evif-ytnewt tsap eht gnirud sralohcs lanoiger tnempoleved cimonoce dna erutluc naihcalappA neewteb pihsnoitaler xelpmoc erom raf a setartsnomed .denigami ylsuoiverp naht tneserp dna tsap dna erutluc naihcalappA tuoba sfeileb lufrewop ecno fo tes a enimaxe tsrif lliw ew repap siht nI esoht gnitroppus ecnedive gnitsixe ssessa neht dna ,tnempoleved cimonoce no tcapmi demuserp sti ,ytienegomoh ,msinoitalosi sa stpecnoc hcus edulcni sfeileb dna snoitpmussa ehT .snoitaterpretni ralupop a fo tuo werg stpecnoc yralloroc fo yteirav a dna esehT .msilatnemadnuf dna ,msilimaf laitneulfni erew skrow esohw slanoisseforp yb deifier neht dna detpecca eb ot emac hcihw ygolohtym eseht fo ytidilav ehT .yadot sisylana ycilop dna yroeht ecneulfni llits dna s0791 dna s0691 eht gnirud laicos fo doirep eht gnirud degnellahc erew ,sepytoerets otni deificlac yllautneve hcihw fo ynam ,sfeileb gnoma tnemref lautcelletni ehT .s0791 eht ecnis aihcalappA tuohguorht dehsiruolf sah hcihw msivitca sah doirep siht gnirud noiger eht tuohguorht stsitra dna ,sretirw ,srotacude ,sralohcs ,stsivitca ,yrotsih ,yhpargoeg s'aihcalappA ni ytisrevid taerg eht fo gnidnatsrednu ruo denepeed yltnacifingis dna lanoitan eht htiw pihsnoitaler sti dna ,noitapicitrap lacitilop dna laicos fo smrof ,secruoser larutluc .stekram labolg rehtie erutluc dna yrotsih naihcalappA fo egdelwonk wen siht woh senimaxe repap sihT cimonoce dna erutluc neewteb pihsnoitaler eht no sevitcepsrep dna sledom reilrae stcejer ro seifidom cimonoce erutuf rof ylpmi sehcaorppa rewen eht tahw etalutsop lliw dna ,aihcalappA ni tnempoleved .gnikam-ycilop dna seigetarts tnempoleved 1 I. CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF TRADITIONAL APPALACHIAN CULTURE FROM THIRTY YEARS AGO:IMPLICATIONS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT sti dna retneC naihcalappA s'ytisrevinU ainigriV tseW htiw detailiffa stsitneics laicos ,7691 nI ainigriV tseW ,nwotnagroM ni tem ,sralohcs detivni rehto htiw gnola ,ecivreS noisnetxE evitarepooC ".aihcalappA larur ni egnahc fo erutan eht dnatsrednu retteb ot krowemarf lautpecnoc a poleved" ot fo noitcurtsnocer laicos eht" dna "smargorp noitca" ediug dluow taht krowemarf a denoisivne yehT ,noitacilbup daer ylediw a ni detluser ecnerefnoc taht morf sgnideecorp ehT ".yteicos naihcalappA Change in Rural Appalachia: Implications for Action Programot dessserdda saw taht ,)1791( noisnetxE ,srekrow laicos" gnidulcni ",egnahc detcerid fo smargorp ni srekrow dleif lanoisseforp" dleif ro ,strepxe tnempoleved ytinummoc ,srebmem sproC ecaeP ,sreetnulov atsiV ,stnega kramdnal sihT .)v ,xi ,iiiv ,0791 rellewzrawhcS dna sidaitohP( "seicnega rehto fo sevitatneserper oga sraey ytriht sralohcs woh fo weiver a rof tniop gnitrats tnaveler a sedivorp noitacilbup tnempoleved cimonoce-oicos ediw-noiger ot pihsnoitaler sti dna erutluc naihcalappA dezilautpecnoc .seigetarts ni egnahC fo srotide ehT Rural Appalachlarutlucoiicos eht" taaht gnitressa yb nageb ehT ".etar dipar a ta gnirrucco" saw "yteicos naciremA regral eht htiw aihcalappA larur fo noitargetni lacol fo stnemevorpmi dekram ,metsys yawhgih lanoiger a fo tnempoleved eht ,sdnuf laredef fo xulfni" ",erutan lacigolonhcet a fo ylniam--stnempoleved" rehto dna "smetsys noitatropsnart dna sdaor larutluc dna laicos fo noisuffid lareneg eht rof yaw eht ]gni[vap" erew ,srotide eht ot gnidrocca segnahc eseht fo tceffe detciderp ehT ".noiger eht fo sdoohrobhgien etomer erom eht ni neve...segnahc fo maertsniam eht otni ]deknil[ ylesolc erom neve ]emoceb dluow[ aihcalappA larur" taht saw ecno taht efil fo syaw dedomtuo ,dlO .)1 ,0791 rellewzrawhcS dna sidaitohP( ”aciremA yraropmetnoc esehT .dlrow nredom decap-tsaf eht ni elbaiv demees regnol on ,llew snaihcalappA larur devres eht dna erutluc remusnoc ssam fo seulav eht ,ylgnisaercni dna nwod gnikaerb erew syaw lanoitidart tuohguorht detalume dna decarbme gnieb erew aciremA maertsniam ,nabru fo selyts efil ssalc elddim .sniatnuom eht ainigriV tseW ni derehtag stsitneics laicos eht ot ylraelc erom segnahc eseht demrifnoc gnihtoN eht dna swolloh eht morf snaihcalappA larur fo sdnasuoht fo sderdnuh fo noitargimtuo eht naht retteb fo hcraes ni aihcalappA tfel dah ohw s0691 dna s0591 eht ni noiger eht fo sdleiflaoc desserped fo ycagel a eno--revewoh ,srotcaf owT .)0791 nworB( sniatnuom eht dnoyeb seitinutroppo cimonoce noisuffid eht gnidepmi eb ot sselehtreven deveileb erew--tneserp eht ot noitcaer a rehto eht dna tsap eht eht ,noitisnart ni noiger a sA .msinoitalosi dna noitalosi gniunitnoc :aihcalappA otni seulav nredom fo nredom-erp a elbmeser ot llits deveileb erew aihcalappA fo snoitrop etomer yllacihpargoeg tsom erew snaihcalappA emos ,egnahc dipar fo sserud eht rednu ,elihw erutluc )"klof ro lanoitidart"( .ytrevop fo erutluc a otni gnitaerter eb ot deveileb morf weiv siht senimrednu )woleb detroper( aihcalappA fo yrotsih eht no hcraeser tneuqesbuS yllarutluc neeb ecno dah noiger eht ,deedni ,taht oga sraey ytriht isolated dna homogeneousenO . noitautis eht neeb evah ot deveileb yltnerappa srehcraeser tsom tahw detalucitra tnapicitrap ecnerefnoc yllacihpargoeg dna yllarutluc htob detalosi neeb sah aihcalappA ,lareneg nI" :neht kcab meht erofeb eht dna yldipar yrev nwod gnikaerb si dna neeb sah noitalosi siht tuB .yrtnuoc eht fo tser eht morf thgim enO . . . .yteicos naciremA fo cirbaf eht otni nevow ylthgit erom dna erom gnimoceb si noiger feileb a hcus ,revewoh ,emit eht tA .)62 ,0791 nworB( "noitan eht gninioj si aihcalappA taht yas 2 lanoigeR naihcalappA s'tnediserP eht yb noitpmussa eht ,decrofnier yllufrewop dna ,delellarap taht ,llew sa detalosi yllacimonoce llits saw erusaem egral ni aihcalappA taht s0691 eht ni noissimmoC .)921 ,tnansihW( "trapa noiger" a sa denoitcnuf ti si a sa s0691 eht ni "noitan eht gninioj" yldetaleb saw aihcalappA hcihw yb snaem eht gninifed yB eht gnicarbme erew stnapicitrap ecnerefnoc ",noitazinredom larutluc" mret stsitneics laicos taht ssecorp msilanoitcnuF ,emit taht ta ecneics laicos naciremA ni egnahc laicos fo yroeht tnanimod .1detal ucitrA detalutsop msilanoitcnuF ,notreM treboR dna snosraP ttoclaT stsigoloicos tnenime eht yb ylluf tsom a mrof scitilop dna ,ymonoce eht ,noitacude ,noigiler ,pihsnik sa hcus yteicos ni snoitutitsni laicos taht yb rehtegot dnuob era smetsys laicos ,smetsys gnivil ekiL .metsys tnednepedretni yllautum dna ,ecneulfni ,rewop ,yenoM .snoitutitsni gnoma segnahcretni ,esac lateicos eht ni--segnahcretni gnoma stnemtsujda dna segnahc lautum gnicneulfni ,noitutitsni ot noitutitsni morf wolf hcae seulav gnidnib ,yllaedi ,dna egnahc gnitcerid ni tsomerof sa nees era snoitatneiro larutluc dna seulav tub ,meht degduj erew snoitutitsni s'aihcalappA fi ,yroeht siht yb ,yltneuqesnoC .metsys yratinu a otni efil laicos fo deen ni ylekil tsom doots tahw neht ,metsys laicos rediw eht ot noitaler ni lanoitcnufsyd eb ot .seulav larutluc sti erew noitcerroc egnahc gnitcerid rof seigetarts esived ot ainigriV tseW ni derehtag ohw stsitneics laicos eht roF na dna egnahc cimonoce-oicos fo ledom a htob saw noitazinredom larutluc ,aihcalappA ni maertsniam fo esimorp eht tuo dleh ,deveileb saw ti ,noitazinredom larutluC .laog denoitseuqnu sdnamed sti ot tpada )dluow dna( dluoc yeht ylno fi snaihcalappA larur ot ytirepsorp dna ytinutroppo -os eht ni tnempoleved tuoba gnikniht ecneics laicos detanimod taht yroeht emas eht suhT .srogir dna .llew sa emoh ta snoiger detalosi dna drawkcab ot elbacilppa demees s0691 eht ni dlroW drihT dellac ni srekrow ATSIV dna dlroW drihT eht ni sreetnuloV sproC ecaeP ,htiaf siht fo noisserpxe na sA htob ot ssergorp dna ytinredom fo egassem eht yrrac ot ylsuoenatlumis tuo tnes erew aihcalappA .)iiv ,0791 rellewzrawhcS dna sidaitohP( senoz larehpirep ot yek eb ot deveileb saw noitazinredom larutluc hguohtlA ni noitapicitrap lluf s'aihcalappA sa nees osla saw--nur trohs eht ni tsael ta--noitazinredom ,efil cimonoce naciremA maertsniam dna ,noitartsurf ,niarts lacigolohcysp sa llew sa snoitutitsni laicos gnoma muirbiliuqesid gnicudorp gnignahc ot tpada ot elba ssel esoht dna detacude ylroop eht yllaicepse ,slaudividni gnoma noisufnoc ot detcepxe eb dluoc snaihcalappA hcus noitartsurf fo secnatsmucric emertxe rednU .snoitidnoc .ytrevop fo erutlucbus a ,.e.i ,ecnatsiser fo erutlucbus evitcetorp a otni rehtruf taerter a sa aciremA fo tser eht morf etarapes sa neeb ecno dah aihcalappA lanoitidart taht aedi ehT ot aihcalappA larur denigami s0691 eht ni sralohcs detalosi dna tcnitsid woh stseggus noitan rehtona .aciremA lairtsudni dna nabru morf tsap tnatsid oot ton eht ni neeb evah eht detar stsitneics laicos ,snoitidnoc cimonoce-oicos niatnuom ni stnemevorpmi rof gnipoH dna ,tnemnrevog ,noigiler ,ylimaf--aihcalappA larur fo snoitutitsni laicos "detalusni dna ralusni" yeht taht saw ti ylekil woh suht dna secrof laicos "edistuo" ot erew yeht deknil llew woh rof--noitacude 1 For a good critical introduction to functionalism and the theory of cultural modernization derived from it, see nhoJ .G ,r onloyi atmTaozriF nortedo MsedoM : nfooitcudo rP A euqitir Cfo eht d ntanempolev efsDoeigoloicoS Underdevelopment (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1979). For a highly accessible and sympathetic introduction to the thought of ttoclaT ,snosraP ees drawdE .D ,l xa"ucy ei r'rg,oseo.envlrhoeoJTsDniricaoPS" y r lof,, aeo k.eihxcdhcTaaeToMlSB , s :fdJfoNiolwCe lsgn notEst(roacPlaT Prentice-Hall, 1961), 1-63. 3 ,0791 nworB dna rellewzrawhcS( secneulfni gnizinredom fo noisuffid eht rof stiudnoc sa evres dluow dna evitceffe yrev a" eb ot yllacitehtapmys dootsrednu hguoht--ylimaf naihcalappA larur ehT .)131 laicos ot ecnardnih" laitnetop a sselehtenon saw--ksir fo semit ni "ytiruces laicos fo metsys tneiciffe sti fo dlrow-tseretni dna noitazilaicos eht revo yloponom lautriv" sti fo esuaceb "noiger eht ni egnahc dna nworB( snoitatneiro dna seulav maertsniam morf srebmem sti etalusni ot ytiliba sti ,.e.i ",srebmem sehcruhc larur s'aihcalappA ni msilatnemadnuf suoigiler ,esiwekiL .)09-98 ,29 ,0791 rellewzrawhcS dna ssalc elddim llams s'noiger eht gnoma tnemnrevog drawot ytilitsoh dna msitavresnoc degaruocne stnemele wef edivorp ot demees noigiler ,esac rehtie nI ."roop yranoitats" dellac-os sti gnoma msilataf larur s'noiger eht lla gnomA .)411-99 ,0791 drarreG( yteicos larur ezinredom ot elggurts a gnigaw rof suht dna yteicos rediw eht ot aihcalappA gniknil rof esimorp dewohs noitacude ylno ,snoitutitsni laicos otni "smron yteicoS taerG fo noisuffid eht" rof smetsys owt eht neewteb "egdirb larutluc" a sa gnivres eht ta klat-noitca eht fo hcum ,nosaer siht roF .)631 ,0791 nworB dna rellewzrawhcS( sniatnuom eht boj ,noitacude tluda dna ycaretil ,mrofer loohcs sa hcus seigetarts lanoitacude no desucof ecnerefnoc .secivres noisnetxe ytisrevinu dna ,gniniart 2 Rural Appalachia as a Familistic Society A otni seulav nredom fo noisuffid eht gnideeps taht feileb ehT tsomerof eht saw aihcalapp ,sralohcs tsom rof ,deilpmi noiger niatnuom eht ni ytinutroppo cimonoce evorpmi ot hcihw yb snaem deterpretni ,revewoh ,sralohcs lla toN .degnahc eb ot dah erutluc naihcalappA lanoitidart taht dna hcraeser evisnetxe yb yliramirp decneulfni ,emoS .yaw emas eht ni erutluc niatnuom lanoitidart fo ledom a decnavda ,aihcalappA fo seitinummoc gnimraf ecnetsisbus detalosi eht ni tnemevlovni ".noitisnart ni yteicos citsilimaf" a sa aihcalappA 3 imaf a sa aihcalappA larur fo ledom ehT owt yb ylluf tsom detalucitra saw yteicos citsil .)79-58 ,0791( rellewzrawhcS yrraH dna nworB .S semaJ ,ecnerefnoc ainigriV tseW eht ta stsigoloicos hcraeser dedrager ylhgih dna laitneulfni rieht no desab erew snoitadnemmocer dna snoitavresbo riehT gnimraf-ecnetsisbus detcennocretni ylesolc eerht ,)mynoduesp a( "keerC hceeB" fo seilimaf eht no ,nworB ,rellewzrawhcS( ykcutneK nretsaE fo noitces gninim-non ,etomer a ni sdoohrobhgien fo "ylimaf niatnuom larur eht fo mrof ladom eht" detsartnoc yeht ,ecnerefnoc eht tA .)1791 malagnaM ,ezis ylimaf regral eht ot gnitniop yb "ylimaf naciremA nabru ,yraropmetnoc" eht htiw tsap tnecer eht sisahpme retaerg dna ,erutcurts )deretnec-dlihc ssel dna tnanimod elam( lahcrairtap ,etar ytilitref hgih .aihcalappA ni spihsnoitaler ylimaf dednetxe fo ecnatropmi eht no larutcurts eseht 4naht erom nevE seulav dna noitatneiro larutluc eht desserts yeht ,revewoh ,noitazinagro laicos ylimaf fo scitsiretcarahc eht ni nevow neeb dah yteicos larur naihcalappA fo cirbaf eht hcihw dnuora eroc eht sa "msilimaf" fo .tsap tnatsid oot ton 2 s nry heb,opeJalpp m,raeoxefeS Photiadis, Roman Verhaalen, Stanley ,yrrebnekI treboR ,relliM dna oy azMleS in the section entitled "Action Programs in a Context of Change," in Photiadis and Schwarzweller 1970, 167-229. 3 The phrase " citsilimaf yteicos ni "noitisnart si a etouq morf Photiadis and Schwarzweller, "Changing Social Institutions in Appalachia," (1970, 82) used to demonstrate Brown and Schwarzweller's claim that the traditional niatnuom ylimaf saw gnieb demrofsnart yb eht sessecorp fo egnahc dna noitazinredom dna ,saw ,erofereht rafmorf a static form. 4 roF s 'c nitwhsoperaiB rlygrdoaunethste fo eht ,aera ees semaJ .S ,nworB Beech Creek: A Study of a Kentucky Mountain Neighborhood ,aer e:BY( K aene gwr,eoe slrB]s lB0edo;5rnC)9Pa818[91 Schwarzweller, "Appalachian ",ylimaF.58 4 fo esnes lacigolohcysp a dna efil laicos dna cimonoce fo snoitaler desab-nik htob gnidulcnI a denifed tI .efil laicos fo retnec eht ta noitarepooc pihsnik tup msilimaf ,nik ot seit lanoitceffa eht tcidartnoc ot demees taht snaihcalappA larur rof efil fo yaw citsilanosrep dna citsilanoitidart a yalrednu ot dias erew taht msilasrevinu dna ,noitavitom tnemeveihca ,msilaudividni fo selpicnirp .ymonoce naciremA lairtsudni-nabru ,nredom ,noitazilairtsudnI hcae erew noitargim dna ,aidem ssam ,tnemniatta lanoitacude ,noitazinabru gniregnil s'msilimaF .s0691 eht ni snaihcalappA larur no msilimaf fo dloh eht gninekaew sa nees neeb dah ereht ecniS .elpoep sti dna noiger eht rof smelborp esop ot demees llits ,revewoh ,stceffe dlo eht ni seitinummoc larur ",ylimaf eht naht rehto ,sniatnuom eht ni spuorg laicos dezinagro wef" eht ,weiv fo tniop siht morF .)55 ,0791 rellewzrawhcS( kaew yllanoitidart erew dlrow deretnec-ylimaf .esrow srettam edam ylno s0691 dna s0591 eht ni snaihcalappA fo srebmun evissam fo noitargimtuo dnopser ot dedeen yeht secruoser eht kcal ot deraeppa ,tnuocca siht yb ,seitinummoc larur etomeR .)95 ,0791 rellewzrawhcS( meht decaf taht smelborp laicos ynam eht ot ylevitcelloc htiw hcnys fo tuo deniamer yeht ,syaw railimaf ,dlo ot gnulc slaudividni taht tnetxe eht ot tuB .erutuf eht ni ytilibom ylimaf dna laudividni retaerg dnamed dluow hcihw dlrow nredom eht 5fo enO pleh ot woh saw s0791 dna s0691 eht ni srevresbo delbuort tsom taht ,neht ,snrecnoc lapicnirp eht nopu tsurht gnieb erew taht segnahc larutluc dna ,cimonoce ,laicos dnuoforp eht ot tsujda slaudividni larur fo seulav dna smron eht taht yroeht eht htiw tnetsisnoC .noitazinredom fo secrof eht yb meht dluoc htworg cimonoce fo stifeneb eht erofeb noisiver hguoroht ogrednu ot evah dluow aihcalappA dna noitacude sa hcus secneirepxe etomorp ot desivda erew stnega egnahc ,roop eht ot nwod elkcirt emas eht tA .)322 ,oyaM( snaihcalappA larur no msilanoitidart fo pirg eht nesool dluow taht noitargim laicos ,noisnet larutluc eht esae ot smargorp poleved ot degru osla erew yeht ,revewoh ,emit eht gnoma egnahc erutluc ynapmocca ylbativeni dluow taht niarts lacigolohcysp dna ,noitazinagrosid .)3-2 ,0791 rellewzrawhcS dna sidaitohP( sreeniatnuom Rural Appalachia as a Culture of Poverty laoc s'noiger eht raen ro ni hcraeser morf deniag snoisserpmi nopu gniward yltnerappa ,srehtO noitalupop emos gnoma "ytrevop fo erutluc" a fo ecnetsixe eht ot detniop ,seitinummoc gninim .aihcalappA larur ni stnemges -ylimaf a ot gnignilc taht segatnavdasid eht dezingocer ledom msilimaf eht fo stnenoporP snoitautis lairtsudni dna nabru detnorfnoc yeht sa snaihcalappA larur rof esop dluow erutluc deretnec nI .sselehtenon smret evitisop ni nik ot tnemtimmoc gnirudne 'sreeniatnuom yartrop ot dednet yeht tub .elbatpada dna tneiliser ylbakramer sa seilimaf rieht dna snaihcalappA debircsed yeht ,lareneg 6srehtO laicos ereves taht gnihcaer-raf dna dipar os erew aihcalappA ni segnahc eht taht denrecnoc ,revewoh ot detniop ,efil larur fo serutaef tnenimorp gnimoceb erew noitatneirosid lanosrep dna muirbiliuqesid 5 gni dortoccA rell e,w0z7r9a1w(h c,S16 )3 6yti lsid bndoaemmdeu dlkccniiu qs"tfihs f,oecnedkicsieurq adaptation to changes in job situation, quick establishment of neighborhood and community ties, and likewise, quick breaking off of community ties, established friendship relationships, and visiting patterns with kinfolk." 6 In "Population and Migration Change," Brown writes: "Many areas have been depopulated. . .Under the circumstances, it is remarkable how resilient these mountain communities have been. . . Fortunately, the people are sseltser dna ydaer rof "egnahc ,0791( .)54 eeS osla nworB dna s'rellewzrawhcS noissucsid fo ehT"naihcalappA Family in The Modern World: Some Advantages" (1970, 91-95). 5 tcerid dedeen taht aihcalappA larur ni ssertsid lacigolohcysp fo snoitatsefinam fo ecnetsixe eht deraef srevresbo wef a ,noitaneila dna ,noisnet ,niarts fo secnatsmucric emertxe rednU .noitnevretni --seitinummoc larur ni emoh kcab ro sgnittes nabru wen ni rehtehw--snaihcalappA fo ytironim a taht sidaitohP( ytrevop fo erutluc a fo dlrow evitcetorp-fles dna ralusni eht otni gnitaerter fo regnad ni erew .)832 ,0791 "smiA weN" ,sidaitohP ;2 ,0791 ",laudividnI" ,rellewzrawhcS dna gnidaer-eR Change in Rural Appalac,ecnherefnoc lanigiro ehit retfa sraaey ytriht tsomla won ot detubirtta msinoitalosi dna msitaerter eht taht dootsrednu emit eht ta sralohcs tsom taht tnerappa si ti larur fo egatnecrep llams a ylno ot ,lla ta fi ,deilppa ytrevop fo erutluc lacitehtopyh s'noiger eht eht" ,snaihcalappA fo ytirojam tsav eht ot drager ni rettam eht tup ,nworB semaJ sA .snaihcalappA ot demees osla sralohcs tsom ,revoeroM ".egnahc a rof ydaer dna sseltser era ]noiger eht fo[ elpoep saw msilimaf larur no deledom erutluc naihcalappA lanoitidart fo noitazilautpecnoc eht taht dnatsrednu eht ni seitinummoc etomer tsom s'noiger eht fo rebmun gnihsinimid dna llams a ylno ot elbacilppa erew srekam yciloP .ytrevop fo erutluc a htiw desufnoc eb ot ton saw msilimaf taht ,rehtruf dna s0691 ”ytisrevid larutluc dna laicos taerg fo noiger a" gnimoceb saw aihcalappA taht ezingocer ot degru suht .)18 ,0791 "gnignahC" ,rellewzrawhcS dna sidaitohP( ,tcnitsid yllacitylana gnieb ytrevop fo erutluc eht dna msilimaf larur fo sledom eht etipseD egnahc cimonoce-oicos rof snoitacilpmi dna stiart eht derrulb srehcraeser emos tsael ta ,revewoh ta elpmaxe tnenimorp tsom ehT .erutluc naihcalappA larur fo egami yratinu a otni hcae morf devired naihcalappA nrehtuoS eht fo )97-96 ,0791( ledom s'llaB drahciR saw ecnerefnoc ainigriV tseW eht ".efil fo yaw gnicuder-noisnet" a sa "erutlucbus klof" noitnetta hcraeser tnenimorp" taht7 demialc llaB eht fo tnetnoc eht fo snoitacificeps dna ,sraey tnecer ni aihcalappA drawot detcerid neeb sah dna ,snoitpircsed eseht fo srohtua eht fo tsom tub ,etelpmoc ylriaf era erutlucbus klof naihcalappA yeht seulav eht htiw gnilaed dna gnidnatsrednu ni ytluciffid ot timda ,srennalp lanoiger eht ylralucitrap taht naht sselesnes erom neve meht ot smees elpoep eseht fo tcudnoc ehT" :dedda eH ".debircsed evah htiw emit eht ta detanoser taht snoitseuq gnitalucitrA ".spuorg ytrevop eroc drah ]rehto[ tsom fo :etorw eh ,snaihcalappA roop fo sepytoerets dleh ylnommoc yeht nac woH ?sevil rieht gnivorpmi ni detseretni elttil os yeht era ,deksa si ti ,yhW elod eht tpoda neht dna stnemyap eraflew laminim fo ecnatpecca ot sevlesmeht ngiser sselepoh rieht evael ot regae erom yeht t'nera yhW ?efil fo yaw tnenamrep a sa kcal rieht snialpxe ,trohs ni ,tahW ?ytinutroppo retaerg fo saera nabru rof tnemnorivne ,yldettimdA ?stroffe deniatsus ot sevlesmeht esuora ot ytilibani rieht dna noitibma fo morf meht tneverp siht dluohs yhw tub ,sselepoh dna kaelb neeb sah tsap rieht ?)37-27 ,llaB( tneserp eht fo seitinutroppo eht ot gnidnopser ,lacisyhp gnittimernu fo yrotsih a" si taht( "snoitidnoc efil" taht saw ,demialc llaB ,rewsna ehT deunitnoc dna tnempoleved ,nigiro eht ot yek rojam eht edivorp" )"snoitartsurf laicos dna ,cimonoce elbazis" a gniziretcarahc sa denifed eh hcihw "erutlucbus klof naihcalappA nrehtuoS eht fo ecnetsixe erew erutlucbus klof taht fo stnenopmoc elpicnirp ehT .noitalupop lanoiger eht fo "tnegnitnoc "roivaheb detagitsni-noitartsurf" fo sepyt ruof--"noitangiser dna ,noissergga ,noisserger ,noitaxif" -noitartsurf ehT" ,llaB ot gnidroccA .seiduts ygolohcysp latnemirepxe ni star ot detubirtta ylnommoc 7 sihT saw a dneosiisvre erfvo Ay"t r:e evesor aPuc Ctielsh" ueT,fcgsoblnuaaSni AhnecrhaetlhatpupoAS American Sociological Review 33: 6 (1968), 885-895. 6 ,efil fo yaw gniog-hguoroht a emoceb evah stnemirepxe yrotarobal ni elbavresbo sroivaheb detagitsni ,noitalumrof siht nI .)37-27 ,0791 llaB( ”redro laicos a yb deniatsus dna enirtcod suoigiler yb deifitsuj yllautpecnoc suht erew erutlucbus ytrevop a fo msitaerter eht dna aihcalappA lanoitidart fo msilimaf eht fo tnemges tnatropmi eno rof efil fo yaw eht fo noitpecnoc )evitarojep dna( yratinu a otni degrem .yteicos naihcalappA fo gnikniht eht denrevog evah ot raeppa sledom ytrevoP fo erutluC eht dna msilimaF ,rehtegoT snoitidnoc evorpmi ot depoh ohw dna s0791 dna s0691 eht ni noiger eht deiduts ohw stsitneics laicos larur rof yreviled ecivres dna tnempoleved margorp ,gninnalp ,gnikam-ycilop gnicneulfni yb fo ledom eht sa hcus ,snoitazilautpecnoc emos ,ytiralupop gniunitnoc rieht etipseD ".sreeniatnuom" hcus srehtO .yroeht ro hcraeser ni troppus elttil evah ,ytrevop fo erutluc ediw-noiger a sa aihcalappA eroM .thgisni droffa llits ,yllacirotsih detautis dna dezilautpecnocer yllaciteroeht nehw ,msilimaf sa tuoba sfeileb rieht ni deifitsuj erew srehcraeser rehtehw fo noitseuq eht si ,revewoh ,latnemadnuf .ssenevitcnitsid larutluc s'aihcalappA A. Appalachian Cultural Values seulav dna snoitatneiro larutluc ot dehcatta ylremrof stsitneics laicos ecnatropmi eht fo esuaceB a revo srehcraeser yb dednepxe saw troffe elbaredisnoc ,egnahc laicos gnitcerid dna yteicos gniredro ni gnikam rof airetirc eht sa fo deviecnoC .seulav lartnec s'aihcalappA yfitnedi ot sraey fo rebmun ylredro dna seitiniffa" yb dekram "snrettap ni raeppa" ot deveileb erew seulav ,ytilibarised fo stnemgduj a enifed ot deveileb suht erew seulav ,seitiroirp fo metsys a sa rehtegotla gnitarepO ".secneuqes .)3 ,6791 smailliW niboR( sohte larutluc sti si taht ,efil fo yaw s'puorg i ti ,egnahc gnitsiser ro gnitomorp ni seulav dna sedutitta fo ecnatropmi eht no sserts eht neviG s ehT .noiger eht ni seulav dna sfeileb ,sedutitta fo s'yevrus citametsys wef os erew ereht taht gnisirprus sa 8591 ni droF samohT yb dengised saw ,revewoh ,seulav naihcalappA fo yevrus ediw-noiger ylno .noiger eht fo yduts yranilpicsidretni ,egral a fo trap sedutitta fo yevrus tnatropmi s'dr8oF )2691 ,droF( 091 fo elpmas sti tub ,sretirw tneuqesbus ynam rof seulav naihcalappA deifidoc ylno ton sfeileb dna ykcutneK dna ,eessenneT ,amabalA ,aigroeG ,aniloraC htroN ,ainigriV ,ainigriV tseW ni seitnuoc .aihcalappA fo snoitinifed lacihpargoeg laitneulfni tsom eht fo eno emaceb 9 rewsna ot yevrus noinipo lanoiger a esu ot detpmetta droF nehw oga sraey ytrof tsomla saw tI a sa aihcalappA htiw denrecnoc saw taht sralohcs fo noitareneg taht fo sdnim eht no tsom noitseuq eht :aera melborp laicos "What implications do the current beliefs and values of the Appalachian people hold for those who are actively working to promote social and economic change in the Refo ecgneulfni eht demriiffa yllaroeneg rewsna s'droFn ?)lanigiro ni sisa"hpmE .23 ,2691 droF( .yrotcidartnoc neeb evah yduts sih fo stceffe llarevo eht tub ,noiger eht ni egnahc evissergorp 8 A more impressionistic rendering of findings from the Ford survey is contained in W. D. Weatherford and Earl .,CrewerB Life and Religion in Southern Appalachia: An Interpretation of Selected Data from The Southern Appalachian Studies (New York: Friendship Press, 1962). 9 roF na tnelle cnxoeissucsid fo eht suoir asvnoitinifed fo ,aihcal agpnpiAdulcni eht laicif fnooitinifed ybeht Appalachian Regional Commission, and the influential social surveys of John C. Campbell and Thomas Ford, see Karl Raitz and Richard kcalU htiw samohT Leinbach, Appalachia: A Regional Geography :red luoB( weivtseW Press, 1984), 9-35. 7 ,yroeht noitazinredom larutluc fo noziroh laciteroeht eht nihtiw gnitarepO 10 dengised droF ylnommoc snoisnemid eulav ruof pat dluow desoppus eh taht sfeileb dna sedutitta erusaem ot snoitseuq :snaihcalappA ot detubirtta individualism dna self-reliance , traditionalism , fatalism dna , religious fundamentahtgnerts rieht lgnirusaem iylbamuserps snoitseuq ot smesnopser 'snaihcalappA no desaB . gnulc elpoep naihcalappA eht evaH" noitseuq eht ot "on" derewsna eh ,seulav hcus ot tnemtimmoc fo .)9 ,droF( "?yteicos lairtsudni fo sesimerp lacihposolihp eht gnitsiser ,snoitidart nairarga-reitnorf rieht ot a fo yticanet eht ton ",msilaicnivorp fo gnissap eht" gnitroppus sa sgnidnif sih deterpretni droF ,ega 'stnednopser ot gnidrocca deirav sedutitta taht gnidnif ehT .noitazinredom ot tnatsiser erutlucbus sedutittA .noiger eht fo ytienegoreteh eht demrifnoc ytilacol nabru-larur dna ,sutats cimonoce-oicos emoceb dah noiger eht taht detacidni erutuf eht dna ,tnemnrevog ,noitacude ,krow drawot did droF .)23 ,droF( ”eerged hgih ylgnisirprus a ot 'detneiro tnemeveihca' dna 'dednim-evissergorp'" sedutitta 'stnednopseR .detcepxe evah ot smees eh stsilaudividni tnailer-fles ,deggur eht dnif ton ot dettimmocnu meht dnif eh did roN .siht deined noitca evitcelloc fo ycaciffe eht dna eraflew drawot ot dettimmoc ylgnorts noiger eht fo elpoep eht dnif did eH .tnemeveihca dna sseccus fo slaog eht tsom saw noissucsid sih tuB .nairatces emos ,tsilatnemadnuf eseht fo ynam--seulav suoigiler .stnednopser ssalc-rewol gnoma msilataf fo ecneserp eht ot drager ni suougibma taht ytilibissop eht nepo tfel tub noiger eht fo tiart larutluc eroc a sa msilataf detcejer droF dna msilataf taht deugra eH .roop eht fo msinahcem esnefed tnatropmi na sa detsixe evah yam msilataf eh esuaceB .sseccus dna tnemeveihca seulav taht erutluc a ni ecalp fo tuo erew msilanoitidart dna lanoitacude s'nerdlihc rieht rof snoitaripsa hgih dleh stnerap naihcalappA taht derevocsid revewoh taht dedulcnoc droF ,sutats cimonoce-oicos nwo rieht fo sseldrager sseccus lanoitapucco ylbaredisnoc neeb dah seulav hcus ,tsap eht ni neeb evah yam msilanoitidart dna msilataf gnorts fo sesuac eht gnidrager snoitpecrep taht ,revewoh ,dnuof eH .noiger eht tuohguorht denekaew sseccus detubirtta stnednopser sutats cimonoce-oicos reppU .ssalc laicos yb deirav sseccus cimonoce hcihw stnemniatta lanoitacude drawot tniop ot dednet stnednopser sutats rewol elihw "krow drah" ot etarucca na neeb evah yam siht taht noitaterpretni elbisualp eht naht rehtaR .dessessop meht fo wef tnemtsujda rojam" a fo ecnedive saw feileb a hcus taht detseggus droF ,roop eht yb tnemssessa .)91 ,droF( ”secnatsmucric efil rieht htiw epoc ot elba ssel esoht fo ynam rof msinahcem droF ,ecnedive lacirotsih tuohtiw tub ,strohoc ega dlo dna gnuoy fo sesnopser eht gnirapmoC fo tnemelttes eht retfa noos denilced ylbaborp tirips reitnorf eht hguohtla taht dedulcnoc rehtruf rof sniatnuom eht ni efil fo ssenhsrah eht morf dewollof evah yam msinairatces dna msilataf ,aihcalappA evitpadalam a taht demialc osla eh ,atad nwo sih dnoyeb gniog ,dnA .noitalupop eht fo emos ytinummoc fo sdnik eht detneverp evah yam "ytilibisnopserri laicos no gniredrob msilaudividni" llits stiart larutluc hcus fi tuB .aihcalappA ni noitautis eht devorpmi evah dluow taht tnempoleved ,dedulcnoc eh ,msilataf s'reeniatnuom eht :elbarepusni ton erew yeht roop s'noiger eht gnoma deliaverp 10 Articulating the premises of modernization theory that influenced most social science research of that era, Ford wrote: "That the Twentieth Century has come to the people of the Southern Appalachians is unquestionable. But whether the people of the Southern Appalachians have come to the Twentieth Century is, at least in the minds of many observers, a moot question. . . . Most resistant to change are the fundamental sentiments, beliefs, and values fo , e ale phs otyy e aelprdwheilteer fhos tw i d.dldnu e aoerohbeSsd ret olie b s tioosastpih euptthauotlsnpmi eu leagvatireh fo neahith ceallpaopeppA yam llits eb detoor ni e h,treitn onrefve hguoht eht esab fo riehytmonoce sah detfihs morf ecnetsisb uesrutlucirga ot yrtsudni dna ecremmoc dna eht elpoep sevlesmeht evahylgnisaercni concentrated in towns and cities" (1962, 9). 8 tsniaga ecnarusni lacigolohcysp a sa sevres rehtar tub noitca ot tnerreted a ylremrof naht won ssel si" ,droF( ”hgih oot desiar snoitibma dna sepoh rettahs lliw sraef flah dna setapicitna flah eh taht eruliaf ni detcudnoc reve sfeileb dna sedutitta fo yevrus ediw-noiger ,citametsys ylno eht saw ti esuaceB .)613 htiw smelborp suoires etipsed laitneulfni ylediw saw seulav naihcalappA fo yduts s'droF ,aihcalappA .ygolodohtem s'yduts eht 11 B. Studies of Rural Family-Centered Localities noitareneg a enod hcraeser no kcab gnikooL laciripme elttil woh tnerappa won si ti ,oga .aihcalappA ni snoitatneiro eulav dna sfeileb larutluc tcnitsid fo ecnetsixe eht rof saw ereht troppus a yb deziretcarahc saw aihcalappA taht neht kcab noitpmussa ecalpnommoc eht nevig gnisirprus si sihT fo ecnatropmi eht rof ,revewoh ,troppus erom laed taerg a saw erehT .erutlucbus tcnitsid yllanoiger .seitinummoc larur detalosi erom s'noiger eht ynam ni efil fo syaw deretnec-ylimaf dna pihsnik nec ni seitinummoc larur fo seiduts cihpargonhte cissalc eerhT naihcalappA nrehtuos dna lart esoht ni snoitaler dna snrettap pihsnik gnidnatsrednu rof laitneulfni yllaicepse erew seitinummoc "keerC hceeB" eht deretne ,deton ydaerla evah ew sa ,nworB semaJ .noiger eht fo snoitrop .aera eht otni tliub erew sdaor tsrif eht erofeb s0491 ylrae eht ni ykcutneK nretsae fo sdoohrobhgien llits seilimaf mraf ecnetsisbus fo puorg detalosi ylemertxe na fo snrettap laicos eht detnemucod eH .II raW dlroW fo eve eht no efil tneiciffus-fles ylevitaler a gnivil llasr12aeP noiraM ,retal edaced A niatnuom a fo erutcip a devreserp dna eessenneT nretsae ni "egdiR ykomS elttiL" deretne eht ,gnimraf ecnetsisbus fo noitazilanigram eht yb depahser gnieb fo ssecorp eht ni doohrobhgien ymonoce robal egaw gnigreme na fo sdnamed eht dna ,krap lanoitan gnidnuorrus a fo tnemhsilbatse niatnuom egdiR eulB a ",holihS" ot tnew nosnehpetS nhoJ ,retal edaced rehtonA .)9591 llasraeP( yteicos lacol "gnizinredom" a ni noitatpada dna niarts eht evresbo ot ,aniloraC htroN ni ytinummoc .elbaiv regnol on erew seitivitca ecnetsisbus tnednepedni erehw eht edistuo 1e3rew seitilacol eerht llA taht snoisluvnoc lluf eht hguorht enog tey ton dah ecneh dna noitcartxe laoc fo snoiger dezilairtsudni .aihcalappA fo snoiger laoc eht ot thguorb dah robal egaw dna sreyolpme gib 14 .deiduts yeht seitilacol eht ni snoitaler pihsnik fo ytilartnec eht demrifnoc srehcraeser eerht llA .)583( ”yteicos keerC hceeB eht fo tinu eht saw laudividni eht naht rehtar ylimaf eht" :etorw nworB .esrevinu s'laudividni eht fo retnec eht si ]egdiR yekomS elttiL ni[ ylimaf ehT" :detats llasraeP ,ylralimiS dias netfo si tI" :devresbo nosnehpetS ,yllanif dnA .)29( "esrevinu sih si ti ,eerged elbakramer a oT labrev evig ylniatrec holihS ni stnamrofni dna ,erehwesle naht sniatnuom eht ni resolc era seilimaf taht 11 roF ,ecnatsni ees Photiadis's and Ball's utilization on pages 5 and 72 respectively in Photiadis and . )de o0ier s7vSe.l9alHa1Dl(ewzrawhcS ,ffooL Appalachia's Children: The Challenge of Mental Health yt i:ssnsroeetrvg Pin, n iyfU,xko)ec1Lu7(t 9n .1e,pK0p6- 7d5n1a kcaJ Weller, Yesterday's People, 29-40. 12 ,n ws oermBaJ Beech Creek: A Study of a Kentucky Mountain Neighborhood,s seegre Pla ,le:aorYe CeKrBeB( s eyfgtoan pet .vse) erh8]siT80f95191[ Schwarzweller, Brown and Mangalam's Mountain Families contains a summary of the Brown's original ethnographic findings. 13 ,ylgn iethste r yeettminanIsum mfooc" ,s kecg ir:HoserGehc rda e er yi "seobdoshehwusaortttlwlosaihS Appalachian Valley :kr owYe N( ,tloH Rinehart, and Winston, 1976) and notreB Kaplan, Blue Ridge: An Appalachian Community in Transition (Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 1971). 14 ehT gniwollof yrammus fo sgnidnif morf eseht eerht seiduts seiler nopu thgiwD ,sgnilliB neelhtaK eeldBna siuoL Swanson's critical commentary in "Culture, Family, and Community in Preindustrial Appalachia," Appalachian Journal 13(Winter 1986): 154-170. 9 fo snrettap decneulfni ylgnorts snoitaler pihsnik ,seitinummoc eerht lla nI .)87( "siht ot ynomitset ,noitargim ,noitacude dna gniraer dlihc ,scitilop ,krow ,noigiler ,gnitisiv dna noitaercer ,ecnediser suht srehpargonhte eht "msilimaf" fo cirbur eht rednU .tnemeganam sisirc dna ,noitarepooc cimonoce fo esnes lacigolohcysp a dna efil laicos dna cimonoce fo snoitaler desab-nik fo egnar ediw a debircsed .nik ot seit lanoitceffa dna ytitnedi derahs ni retal sraey detcudnoc seitinummoc larur lairtsudni-non fo seiduts cihpargonhte ,yltnacifingiS dna noitazinagro pihsnik fo snrettap emas eht fo stnanmer tsael ta deyartrop seitilacol ralimis .F ,ytinummoc gnimraf ykcutneK nretsaE na ni )8791( hcraeser s'uaettaB nellA suhT .noitcaretni 'srevaeB aicirtaP dna ,eessenneT tsaE ni ytinummoc detalosi na fo )1891( yduts s'tnayrB enelraC htroN naihcalappA ni seitinummoc larur owt ni noitarepooc dna pihsnik fo )6891( noitanimaxe .nosnehpetS dna ,llasraeP ,nworB fo sgnidnif ylrae eht ot seitiralimis gnikirts raeb aniloraC otni efil ylimaf fo ytixelpmoc eht ezeerf ot dednet msilimaf fo tpecnoc eht taht tcaf eht etipseD morf sevired taht seitinummoc deretnec-ylimaf naihcalappA fo erutcip eht ,revewoh ,sohte yratinu a yletinifed si seiduts eseht fo ron efil ylimanf gnignahc-reven foo snoitidnoc sseltemit fo eno .selytsefil elbahsiugnitsidni derahs seilimaf lla erehw seitinummoc detaitnereffidnu 15 laicos ehT erew srebmem rieht fo seitivitca eht dna seilimaf dna sdlohesuoh naihcalappA larur fo noitazinagro ,rehtruF .meht devresbo taht srehpargonhte eht fo seye yrev eht erofeb segnahc dnuoforp gniogrednu ylhgih sselehtenon erew yeht ,sdradnats lanoitan yb dehsirevopmi erew seitinummoc eseht hguohtla .seitinutroppo dna ,noitazinagro ,selyts efil fo yllacol noitaitnereffid a gniylpmi ,deifitarts fo htlaew a deniatnoc seitinummoc naihcalappA larur fo stnuocca ssentiw-eye ,cihpargonhtE tpecnoc eht fo eulav eht noitseuq ot emoc evah sralohcs tub ,efil laicos naihcalappA tuoba noitamrofni ylimaf fo yticificeps lacirotsih eht gnikcolnu nopu daetsni gnitsisni ,ecived evitpircsed a sa "msilimaf" fo naht rehtar efil ylimaf naihcalappA fo snoitaler dna secitcarp lautca eht gninimaxe yb noitcaretni .meht morf )"msilimaf"( noitatneiro evitamron a gnitcartsba semaJ sa hc16us stsigoloicos hguohtlA yllacitsiretcarahcnu eht ylno gnibircsed erew yeht taht detats ylraelc rellewzrawhcS yrraH dna nworB ,aihcalappA lartneC fo uaetalP dnalrebmuC eht ni dnuof seitinummoc gnimraf ecnetsisbus etomer ni ,hguoht aihcalappA larur fo lacipyt sa seitinummoc hcus debircsed yltneuqerf sretirw ralupop gnimraf detneiro-ecnetsisbus eseht fo scitsiretcarahc eht derrulb sretirw srehtO .ton erew yeht ,lareneg detrotsid a mrof ot detanimoderp robal degaw erehw seitinummoc gninim fo esoht htiw seitinummoc .erutcip etisopmoc ,erom noitazilareneg cifitneics etairporppa fo sno1n7ac eht detaloiv seiduts oN .ytrevop fo erutluc ediw-noiger a sa aihcalappA fo ledom eht decnavda taht esoht naht ,revewoh 15 For an analysis of the changing patterns of household organization among Beech Creek families throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and how these varied according to the wealth and land ownership of family units, see Dwight Billings and Kathleen ,k eh ec:reyCemBo neocc nEse etnisigi esatb auyrSlti Sm,aeFe"lB ",2 4,9y1k-c0u5t8n1eK Sociological Perspectives 33: 1 (1990), 63-88. 16 eeS neelhtaK eelB dna thgiwD ,sgnilliB gnitcurtsnoceR" yliaD efiL ni eht :tsaP nA cituenemreH hcaorppAot Ethnographic Data," The Sociological Quarterly 27: 4 (1986), 443-462 and our discussion of their critical re- . wso eln ieo edbifsutoetahsntimaxe 17 k. cE saeaJ swsaucoi vtb so eohmT Weller, Yesterday's People: Life in Contemporary Appalachia (Lexington: .)5 6,9y1kcu t snfse oeKyrtPisrevinU

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Appalachian Culture and Economic Development. Ronald L. Lewis. West Virginia University. Dwight B. Billings. University of Kentucky. Abstract: For almost as
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