Appalachia High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis

28 Pages·2008·5.36 MB·English

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22000088
Drug Market Analysis
Appalachia
High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area
NATIONAL DRUG INTELLIGENCE CENTER
U. S . D E PA R T M E N T O F J U S T I C E
National Drug Intelligence Center
319 Washington Street 5th Floor, Johnstown, PA 15901-1622 • [phone]
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061608
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Product No. 2008-R0813-001 June 2008
2008
Drug Market Analysis
Appalachia
High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area
NATIONAL DRUG INTELLIGENCE CENTER
U. S . D E PA R T M E N T O F J U S T I C E
This assessment is an outgrowth of a partnership between the NDIC and HIDTA Program for preparation
of annual assessments depicting drug trafficking trends and developments in HIDTA Program areas. The
report has been coordinated with the HIDTA, is limited in scope to HIDTA jurisdictional boundaries, and
draws upon a wide variety of sources within those boundaries.
This document may contain dated information. It has been made available to provide access to historical materials.
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National Drug Intelligence Center
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APPALACHIA
2008
High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area
T C
able of onTenTs
Preface ......................................................................................................................................................1
Strategic Drug Threat Developments .........................................................................................................2
HIDTA Overview ......................................................................................................................................2
Drug Threat Overview ...............................................................................................................................3
Drug Trafficking Organizations ..................................................................................................................5
Production .................................................................................................................................................6
Transportation ...........................................................................................................................................8
Distribution ...............................................................................................................................................9
Drug-Related Crime .................................................................................................................................10
Abuse ......................................................................................................................................................10
Illicit Finance ...........................................................................................................................................11
Outlook ...................................................................................................................................................11
Appendix A. Tables .................................................................................................................................13
Sources ....................................................................................................................................................17
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APPALACHIA
2008
High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area
P
refaCe
This assessment provides a strategic overview of the illicit drug situation in the Appalachia High Inten-
sity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA), highlighting significant trends and law enforcement concerns related
to the trafficking and abuse of illicit drugs. The report was prepared through detailed analysis of recent law
enforcement reporting, information obtained through interviews with law enforcement and public health
officials, and available statistical data. The report is designed to provide policymakers, resource planners,
and law enforcement officials with a focused discussion of key drug issues and developments facing the
Appalachia HIDTA.
PA
IL IN OH MD OHIO GILMER LEWIS
INDIANA
KY WV VA Ohio River MASON BRAXTON
TN NC
CABELL KANAWHA WEST VIRGINIA
SC LINCOLN
MS AL GA WAYNE
BOONE
Area of
Appalachia HIDTA KENTUCKY
LOGAN
MAGOFFIN MINGO
LEE FLOYD
MARION BREATHITT PIKE
JACKSONOWSLEY MCDOWELL
TAYLOR ROCKCASTLE KNOTT
ADAIR PULASKI LAUREL CLAY LESLIEPERRY LETCHER
WARREN VIRGINIA
KNOX
HARLAN
CUMBERLAND WAYNE
MONROE CLINTON WHITLEY BELL
MCCREARY
MACON CLAY PICKETT CLAIBORNE HANCOCK
JACKSPOUNTNAOMVERTON FENTRESS SCOTT CAMPBELL JGERFAIFNEGREHSRAOMNBLENHAWGKRINESENE WASHIUNNIGTCOOIN
KNOX
WHITE CUMBERLAND COCKE
SEVIER
VAN NORTH CAROLINA
GRUNDYSBEUQURAETCNHIEBLEDSOE RHEA TENNESSEE
FRANKLIN MARION HAMILTON HIDTA County
SOUTH
CAROLINA New HIDTA County
ALABAMA GEORGIA
Figure 1. Appalachia High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area.
1
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National Drug Intelligence Center
s D T hiDTa o
TraTegiC rug hreaT verview
D
eveloPmenTs
The Appalachia HIDTA consists of 71 coun-
ties in Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia.2
• Late frosts and severe drought conditions
The HIDTA was established in 1998 and originally
throughout the southeastern United States in
encompassed 68 counties. In February 2008 the
2007 caused a sharp decrease in the amount
Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
of cannabis cultivated and available for eradi-
announced the designation of three additional
cation in the Appalachia HIDTA region. Prior
counties to the HIDTA region—Letcher County,
to 2007, the region consistently sustained high
Kentucky, and Hamilton and Washington Coun-
levels of outdoor cannabis cultivation, usually
ties, Tennessee. (See Figure 1 on page 1.) Accord-
aided by a favorable growing climate and the
ing to Appalachia HIDTA officials, Letcher County
presence of well-organized drug trafficking
was added to the region because of the significant
organizations (DTOs) and criminal groups.
amount of cannabis cultivation that occurs in the
county, while Hamilton and Washington Counties
• Indoor cannabis cultivation is limited
were added because of the extensive polydrug dis-
throughout most of the Appalachia HIDTA
tribution that traffickers undertake in the counties.
region. Nonetheless, many marijuana pro-
ducers are beginning to relocate their op-
High levels of outdoor cannabis cultivation
erations to indoor sites to avoid vigorous
typically occur in the Appalachia HIDTA region,
outdoor cannabis eradication efforts by law
usually aided by favorable growing climates and
enforcement officials in the region and in
the presence of well-organized DTOs and criminal
an attempt to attain a higher profit margin—
groups. However, late frosts and severe drought
higher-potency marijuana produced from in-
conditions throughout the southeastern United
door grow sites typically yields higher prices.
States in 2007 caused a sharp decrease in the
amount of cannabis cultivated and eradicated in
• The number of methamphetamine laboratory
the Appalachia HIDTA region during the year. Ap-
seizures in the Appalachia HIDTA region
palachia HIDTA officials also report that fluctua-
decreased significantly between 2006 and
tions in the number of cannabis plants eradicated
2007, indicating a decline in local metham-
each year are frequently the result of available
phetamine production. The decrease appears
eradication assets and not necessarily indicative of
to be continuing in 2008.
a change in the amount of cannabis cultivated in
• Heroin availability and abuse, while low, the region. Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Sup-
are rising in the Appalachia HIDTA region, pression Program (DCE/SP) data for 2007 indi-
particularly among young Caucasians who cate that 93 percent (6,135,560 of 6,599,381) of
had previously abused prescription narcot- outdoor cannabis plants eradicated in the United
ics. Law enforcement officials attribute the
increase to an increasing supply of Mexican 2. The Appalachia HIDTA is composed of the following
71 counties: (Kentucky) Adair, Bell, Breathitt, Clay, Clinton,
heroin that is being transported to the region
Cumberland, Floyd, Harlan, Jackson, Knott, Knox, Laurel,
from nearby drug markets, such as Colum- Lee, Leslie, Letcher, Magoffin, Marion, McCreary, Monroe,
bus, Ohio, and the relatively low cost of Owsley, Perry, Pike, Pulaski, Rockcastle, Taylor, Warren,
heroin throughout the region.1 Wayne, and Whitley; (Tennessee) Bledsoe, Campbell,
Claiborne, Clay, Cocke, Cumberland, Fentress, Franklin,
Grainger, Greene, Grundy, Hamblen, Hamilton, Hancock,
1. The Ohio High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) Hawkins, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Macon, Marion,
reports that Columbus has emerged as a regional distribu- Overton, Pickett, Putnam, Rhea, Scott, Sequatchie, Sevier,
tion center for Mexican brown powder and black tar heroin Unicoi, Van Buren, Washington, and White; (West Virginia)
supplied to markets throughout much of Ohio as well as Boone, Braxton, Cabell, Gilmer, Kanawha, Lewis, Lincoln,
West Virginia and western Pennsylvania. Logan, Mason, McDowell, Mingo, and Wayne.
2
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APPALACHIA
2008
High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area
States were eradicated in only seven states—Cal- including Atlanta, Georgia, the primary drug dis-
ifornia, Hawaii, Kentucky, Oregon, Tennessee, tribution center for the Appalachia HIDTA region;
Washington, and West Virginia (commonly re- Columbus, Ohio; and Detroit, Michigan. Drug
ferred to as the Marijuana Seven, or M7, states); traffickers exploit the region’s geographic location
the Appalachia HIDTA region is composed of between these areas to transport illicit drugs into,
portions of three of these seven states—Kentucky, through, and from the HIDTA region.
Tennessee, and West Virginia.3
D T o
A relatively high poverty rate throughout rug hreaT verview
much of the Appalachia HIDTA region contrib-
utes to an acceptance of cannabis cultivation Cannabis cultivation and marijuana distribu-
by many local residents.4 In some Appalachia tion and abuse pose the greatest drug threats to
HIDTA counties, a large portion of the popula- the Appalachia HIDTA region as evidenced by the
tion lives in poverty. Some residents in impover- large amount of cannabis cultivated in the region,
ished communities regard marijuana production the level of violence associated with cannabis
as a necessary means of supplementing low cultivation, and the number of marijuana-related
incomes. For instance, the poverty rate in Bell treatment admissions to publicly funded facili-
County, Kentucky, was 35.4 percent in 2005 (the ties in the region. Marijuana is widely available
latest year for which such data are available), throughout the HIDTA region and is abused by
much higher than the national poverty rate of members of all racial/ethnic and social groups.
12.3 percent for that year. Moreover, eradica- Caucasian DTOs, criminal groups, and indepen-
tion data show that Bell County had one of the dent growers are the primary producers and dis-
highest levels of outdoor cannabis eradication in tributors of locally produced marijuana. However,
the state from 2005 through 2007. (See Table 1 law enforcement officials in Tennessee report that
in Appendix A.) In many of these communities Mexican DTOs and criminal groups are becom-
cannabis cultivation is often a multigenerational ing increasingly involved in cannabis cultivation
trade, as young family members are introduced within the state. Most of the marijuana produced
to the trade by older members who have pro- by smaller Caucasian criminal groups and inde-
duced marijuana for many years. pendent growers in the region is abused within
the region, while most of the marijuana produced
The Appalachia HIDTA region has a highly
by large Caucasian DTOs is transported to mar-
accessible transportation system (see Figure 2 on
kets outside the area, including to drug markets
page 9), including major roadways that link it to
in Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland,
many drug markets in the eastern United States,5
Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Penn-
sylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, and Washing-
3. Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program ton, D.C. Additionally, large quantities of Mexican
(DCE/SP) data are available only at the state level; thus, marijuana are available in the region. Mexican
the number of cannabis plants eradicated and seized re-
marijuana frequently supplements supplies of
flects the entire states of Kentucky, Tennessee, and West
Virginia, not just the Appalachia HIDTA region. locally produced marijuana, particularly during
periods of decreased local cultivation, which most
4. The Appalachia HIDTA reports that along with the
high rates of poverty in the region, it also contends with recently occurred in 2007. Moreover, reporting
high rates of unemployment, adult illiteracy, fragmented from Appalachia HIDTA Initiatives6 indicates that
families, teenage pregnancy, public corruption, and an
established tradition of “moonshining.” These conditions
have resulted in an acceptance of illegal drug activities by
some individuals in the region. 6. The Appalachia HIDTA designated 19 law enforce-
ment initiatives or program areas (eight in Kentucky, five
5. For purposes of this report, the eastern United States
in Tennessee, and six in West Virginia) for 2007. Included
consists of Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida,
in the 19 initiatives are marijuana eradication task forces
Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachu-
in Kentucky and West Virginia, a national forest marijuana
setts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,
investigative task force in Kentucky, and a public corrup-
North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South
tion initiative in Kentucky.
Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia.
3
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National Drug Intelligence Center
Table 1. Appalachia HIDTA Initiative Seizures, by Drug, in Kilograms, 2007
Powder Commercial- Oxycodone
HIDTA Powder Crack Ice Meth- Hydroponic Hydrocodone
Meth- Grade Heroin (Dosage
Initiative Cocaine Cocaine amphetamine Marijuana (Dosage Units)
amphetamine Marijuana Units)
Kentucky 2.20 1.24 1.63 0.18 648.27 910.04 0.02 11,331 14,282
Tennessee 197.82 2.52 7.41 4.27 1,265.00 2.27 4.00 1,069 1,475
West
9.66 2.52 0.00 0.39 169.82 237.79 0.04 5,945 3,458
Virginia
Total 209.68 6.28 9.04 4.84 2,083.09 1,150.10 4.06 18,345 19,215
Source: Appalachia High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area, Performance Management Process Database, run date January 30, 2008.
Note: The Performance Management Process Database is used by the Office of National Drug Control Policy to assess the performance of regional HIDTAs.
approximately 2,083 kilograms of commercial- throughout the HIDTA region, largely the result
grade marijuana and 1,150 kilograms of hydro- of state restrictions on the purchase of precursor
ponic marijuana were seized by officials in 2007. chemicals. Even so, small, unsophisticated clan-
(See Table 1.) destine laboratories remain a concern. Caucasian
DTOs and criminal groups produce most powder
The distribution and abuse of diverted pharma-
methamphetamine available in the region. Locally
ceutical drugs and cocaine pose significant threats
produced methamphetamine accounts for most of
to the HIDTA region. The most widely available
the methamphetamine available in the Appalachia
and commonly abused pharmaceutical drugs are
HIDTA region. Nonetheless, Mexican DTOs and
prescription narcotics such as Vicodin and Lortab
criminal groups supply the region with significant
(hydrocodone products), methadone, and Oxy-
quantities of Mexican powder methamphetamine
Contin (oxycodone). Central nervous system (CNS)
and limited quantities of high-purity ice meth-
depressants including Xanax (alprazolam) and Va-
amphetamine to fill voids in supply created by
lium (diazepam)—both benzodiazepines—are also
decreased local production. Heroin availability
commonly abused. Caucasian adolescents and
and abuse, while low, are rising in the Appalachia
adults are the primary abusers of diverted pharma-
HIDTA region, particularly among young Cau-
ceuticals. They are drawn to the drugs, in part, by
casians who had previously abused prescription
the ease with which they can obtain them over the
narcotics. Mexican black tar and brown powder
Internet and from retail-level distributors. Powder
heroin and South American (SA) heroin are avail-
cocaine is available to varying degrees through-
able in small quantities throughout the region;
out the HIDTA region; most is converted to crack
however, Mexican heroin is becoming increas-
cocaine at or near distribution sites.
ingly available. ODDs such as MDMA (3,4-
methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as
Methamphetamine is a serious threat, while
ecstasy), GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate), and LSD
heroin and other dangerous drugs (ODDs) pose a
(lysergic acid diethylamide) are available in the
low threat to the Appalachia HIDTA region. Local
region on a limited and sporadic basis.
powder methamphetamine production decreased
4
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