Apology Strategies of Taiwanese EFL Male and Female Freshmen

43 Pages·2015·0.45 MB·English

by  David Ryan Berg

1
APOLOGY STRATEGIES
OF TAIWANESE EFL
MALE AND FEMALE
FRESHMEN
D. Ryan Berg & Yi-chen Lu
15 November 2015
Outline
2
Introduction Research Questions
 
Motivation & Rationale Methodology


Literature Review
Participants
 
Apologies Instruments
 
Apology Strategies Procedures
 
Chinese student Data Analysis
 
apologies
Results

Male vs. Female

Discussion

apologies
Conclusion

Speech Act Elicitation

Introduction
3
Speech acts are an integral part of daily life for

NSs and L2 learners.
Speech acts are difficult for learners of a

second or foreign language (Harlow, 1990;
Schmidt & Richards, 1980; Wolfson, 1989).
Speech acts require knowledge of the

language and appropriate usage within a given
culture to minimize misunderstandings (Cohen
& Olshtain, 1981; Lindfors, 1999)
Introduction
4
L2 learners face difficulties in competently

using speech acts when communicating with
NSs (Beebe, Takahashi, & Uliss-Weltz, 1990;
Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984; Cohen &
Olshtain, 1993; Kasper, 1990; Koike, 1989).
Learners must be aware of discourse

differences in L1 and L2 to ensure proper
acquisition of pragmatic competence (Celce-
Murcia & Olshtain, 2000).
Motivation & Rationale
5
Apologies as a speech act play an important

role in daily life to remove misunderstanding
and restore relationships between participants
(Al-Sobh, 2013; Kim, 2008) as well as learning
and dealing with social and cultural patterns in
language (Shariati & Chamani, 2010).
Mapping the development of speech acts can

aid us in developing a pedagogy for instructing
L2 learners in speech act construction.
Lit. Review: Apologies
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Apologies are post-act events; they signal the fact

that a certain type of even has already taken
place. By apologizing, the speaker recognizes that
they have violated some social norm and admits
to the fact that s/he is somehow involved or
responsible for the act (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain,
1984, p. 206).
Two assumptions: (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984,

p. 209)
Apologies will be marked by an IFID

Apologies can be realized by reference to a set of

specified prepositions
Lit. Review: Apologies
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IFID is Illocutionary Force Indicating Device

It is an expression “where there is a slot for a verb

that explicitly names the illocutionary act being
performed” (Yule, 1996, p. 49).
It fulfills the function of signaling regret for X (the

violation) and thus is intended to placate (Blum-
Kulka & Olshtain, 1984, p. 206)
“An apology may be performed directly by the use

of one of the verbs directly signaling apology
(apologize, be sorry, excuse, etc.)” (Trosborg,
1987, p. 150).
Lit. Review: Apologies
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Other examples (specified prepositions, with

or without IFID)
I’m sorry. That’s totally my fault. (self-blame)

It’s not my fault that you were driving to fast

(denial of fault)
My mother wouldn’t get off the phone

(explanation of cause)
I’ll pay for the damage to your car (offer of repair)

I won’t let this happen again (promise of

forbearance)
Lit. Review: Apology Strategies
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Based on CCASRP (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984)
IFID EXCL
  (an exclamation)
RESP CONC
 (taking responsibility)  (expressing concern)
EXPL INT
 (offering an explanation)  (intensifiers)
GRAT MIN
 (showing gratitude)  (minimizing the offense)
FORB REPR
 (promising forbearance)  (offer of repair)
Lit. Review – Chinese students
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Guan, Park, and Chang (2010) Liu (2005)
Lee (2009)
Participants American, Chinese, Mandarin Chinese Taiwanese EFL
and Korean EFL students – 3rd, 6th, college students &
undergraduates 9th grade and New Zealand Corpus
freshmen
Method Perception DCT / Perception data DCT / Corpus
questionnaire
Results Most participants were L2 apology Most of the elicited
more likely to development mirrors apologies were
apologize to a close that of L2 requests – acceptable to native
friend than to a students start with English speakers,
stranger, but American very basic apologies although there were
and Chinese both and then expand their differences in strategy
showed greater strategies. use depending upon
obligation to apologize the severity of the
to strangers than offense.
Koreans did.