APOLLO 8 MISSION REPORT FEB 1969

252 Pages·2015·4.13 MB·English

�2Sons
l1YL.,.t
MSC-PA-R-69-1
NATIONALA ERONAUTICSA ND SPACEA DMINISTRATION
APOLL8O MISSIRONE PORT
1
DISTRIBUTIOAtttol l;) REFEREttCING
Thisp apeirs n ots uitabfloerg eneradli stribuotrir oenf erenciIntmg a.y b er eferenced
onlyi no thewro rkincgo rre•pondeanncdde o cumentbsyp articipaotrignagn izations.
MANNED SPACECRAFCTE NTER
HOUSTON,TEXAS
FEBRUARY1 969
MS-CPAR--69-l
APOLLO8 MISISON REPORT
PREPARED
BY
MissiEovna luatTieoanm
APPROVED
BY
GeorgMe. L ow
Manaegr, ApollSop acecrParfotg ram
NAITONAALE RONTAIUSC ANDS PACAEDM INITRSTAINO
MANNEDS PACEACFRTC ENTER
HOUST,O TNEXAS
Februa1r9y6 9
Apoll8o l ift.- off
iii
CONTENTS
Section Page
1.0 SUMMARY 1-1
2.0 INTRODUCTION 2-1
3.0 MISSIOND ESCRIPTION 3-1
4.0T HE MOON . . . . 4-1
4.1 PHOTOGRAPHIOCB JECTIVES 4-1
4.2 FILM DESCRIPTIOAN ND PROCESSING 4-2
4.3 PHOTOGRAHPIC RESULTS 4-5
4.4 CREW OBSERAVTIONS 4-9
4.5 LUNAR LIGHTINGO BSERVATIONS 4-10
4.6 INFORMALO BSERVATOINS FROM EARTH 4-10
5.0T RAJECTORY . . 5-1
51. LAUNCHP HASE 5-1
52. EARTHP ARKINGO RBIT .5-1
53. TRANSLUNARI NJECTION 5-2
54. TRANSLUNARM IDCOURSEC ORRECTIONS 5-2
5.5 Lill�AOR RBIT INSERTION 5-3
5.6 TRANSEARTHI NJECTION. 5-3
5.7 TRANSEARTHMI DCOURSE CORRECTION 5-3
58. ENTRY 5-3
59. TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS 5-4
51.0 LUNARO RBIT DETERMINATION 5-4
60. COMMAND AND SERVICEMJ DULE PERFORMANCE 6-1
6. 1 STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 6-1
62. AERODYANMICS . . 6-9
6.3 THERMALC ONTROL 6-11
6.4 HEAT PROTECTIONS YSTEM 6-13
65. ELECTRICALP OWER • 6-14
66. CRYOGENIC STORAGE 6-21
6.7 COMMUNICATIONS. . 6-24
iv
Section Page
6.8 INSTRUMENTATION 6-39
6.9 GUIDANCE,N AVIGATION,AN D CONTROLS YSTEMS 6-40
61.0 REACTIONC ONTROL SYSTEMS 6-71
61.1 SERVICEP ROPULSION 6-78
6.21 CREW SYSTEMS 6-88
61.3 CREW STATION 6-95
6.41 CONSUMABLES 6-96
FLIGHTC REW 7-1
7.1 FLIGHT CREW PERFORMANCE 7-1
7.2 PILOTS'R EPORT 7-15
8.0 BIOMEDICALE VALUATION 8-1
8.1 BIOINSTRUMENTATION PERFORMANCE 8-1
8.2 PHYSIOLOGICADLA TA . 8-2
8.3 MEDICAL OBSERVATIONS 8-3
8.4 FOOD • 8-5
8.5 WATER 8-5
8.6 PHYSICALE XAMINATIONS 8-6
90. MISSION SUPPORTP ERFORMANCE 9-1
91. FLIGHTC ONTROL• . 9-1
92. NETWORKP ERFORMANCE 9-3
93. RECOVERYO PERATIONS 9-4
10.0 LAUNCHV EHICLEP ERFORMANCE. 10-1
11.0 ASSESSMENT OF MISSION OBJECTIVES 11-1
11.1 MIDCOURSEN AVIGATIO/NSTAR-EARTH
LANDMARK( S l.3 2) . . • . . 11-1
11.2 LUNAR LANDMARK TRACKING( 2P0.111) 11-2
12.0 ANOMALY SUMMARY 12-1
12.1 ENTRY MONITORS YSTEME RRORS 12-1
12.2 WINDOWF OGGING. 12-2
12.3 NOISY CABIN FANS 12-3
12.4 POSSIBILITYO F WATERI NFLOWT HROUGHC ABIN
PRESSURER ELIEFV ALVE . . . . . . • . 12-3
v
Section Page
12.5 BROKERNEC OVERLYO OPC ABLES 12-4
12.6 LACKO FS WIMMERI NTECROMMNUICATIONS 12-4
12.7 POTABWLAET ETRA NKQU NATITMEYA SUREMENT 12-5
12.8 FUELC ELDLE GRADIAONT DURINCGO UNTDOWN 12-5
13.0 CONCLIUOSNS 13-1
APPENDAI X-S PACVEEH ICLED ESCRIPTION A-1
A.1 COMMANAD NDS ERVIMCOED ULES A-1
A.2 LAUNCEHS CAPES YSMT E . . . . A-12
A.3 SPACECRAFT/VLEAHUINCCALHDE A PTER A-12
A.4 LAUNCVHE HICL. E . .. . . A-14
A.5 LUNAMROD ULET ESTAR ITCLE A-14
A.6 MASPSR OPEIRETS A-16
APPENDIXS PBA C-ECRHAIFTS OTRY B-1
APPENDI-XP OCS TFLITGEHSTT ING C-1
APPENDDI X-D ATAA VAIALBILITY D-1
1-l
10. SUMMARY
Apoll8o w ast hes ecnodm annefdl gihti nt hep rograamn dt hef irst
manneldu naorrb itm issino.T hec rewwe rFer EmBko rm,a Cnommdaern;
JamesA .L oevl,l CommanMdo dulPei l;o atndW illi'amAA.n de,r Lsunar
ModulPei l.o t
TheA poll8o s,p acveeh iclew asl aucnheodn t imef roKme nnedyS pace
Cent,e Frloriadta7 ,: 15:00 a.me.. s.otnD. e eemb2e1,r1 96.8 Folwliong
a nominbaolo spthas et,h es pacreacfatn dS -IVcBmob inatino wasi nesretd
intao p akrinogrb ito f 9by81 03 natuicalm ile. sAftear p ost-insertion
checkooufst p accreafsty smst,e the3 1-9seocnCtlran sl unari nejctino ma­
neuvwears i nittieada t2 :503:7b yr eignitiofot nh eS -IVeBn gi.n e
Thes pacreacfst epareatdf rotmh eS -IVaBt 3 :025:9, follobwyet dw o
separiatonm aneuveurssi ntgh es ervciem odulree atcino contrsoylse tm.
Thef irsmti dcoucrosrer ieocntm,a de wivtehol caiy tchanogef2 4.8f eet
pers eocndw,a sc ondeucdat t1 1:00:00. Thet rnaslunacro aspth ase was
devtoedt on avigtaions ihgtigns,t wot eelvision ntsrimassnis,oa nd various
sysetmsc hec.k s Tsheec nodm idcourcsoer crteiocnon,d cuteadt 6 0:955:5,
wasa velocicthya nogef1 .f4e epte rs econ.d
The2 4.6-9sencdol unaro ribti nsteirno mEmeuvre wasp efrormeadt
69:80:02,an d thei nitilauln aorrb itw as 16.85b y6 0.0n autcialm ile. s
A maneuvteorc ircurliazteh eo rbitw asc ondueetda t7 3:53: 70 and re­
sultienda lunaorrb ito f .579b y .670n atuiealm ile.s Thec oaspth aes
betweenm anveeurwsa sd eveodtt oo rbitn avgiaitona ndg routndr acdke ter­
mintaino. Tenr evotliunosw ere compldeuirtnegdt he2 0h ourlsl m ineuts
spenitn l unaorrb i.t
Thel unarb iotcr oasptha se invonluvmeredo ulsa ndinigt-es/nldmaark
sihgtin,gl sunaprh otroaghpy, andp repairona tfort ranrstehai nejctino.
Thet ransretahi njecnt miaoneeur,v 204s econdsi nd uratino,w as conducted
at8 9:911:7u singt hes ervicepr poulosnis ysetm.
Whepno sisbldeu irngb otht het ransunlara ndt ranrstehac oaspths aes ,
passvie thercmonatlr omla enuvreso fa bouto ner evoliuotnp erh ouwre re
effecttoe d maintain tewmiptiehnrna otmuirnelasil m itTsh et rnase arth
•
coaspte roidi nvolvae ndumb ero fs tra/hoiroznn avgiatino sgihtinugsisn g
botht hee artha ndm oohno rzions. Theo nltyr anseartmhi dcroseu correc­
tino wasa maneuvoerf4 .f8e epte rs econmda deat 1 03:955:4.
Cmomadn modu/lserevciem odulsepe artaino was at1 4:6824:8,an dt he
cmmoandm oudler eachtehdee ntryi nterf(a4 c0e00 00f eeatlt itud)e at
14:6641:4. Following dneoporlymmeatnl o fa D.p aracthe,us tshpea cefctr a
landeidn tPhacei ifcO cena at8 degre8e msin uetsn ortlha ttiudaned
1-2
165d egre1e msi nute lwoensgti t,u adsde etremniedb y tphremi aryr e­
covye srhip Thet otafll ighdutr iaton was 147h our4s2 s ec­
USSY orktown.
ond.s
Almsotw itohute xcteipons,p acreacfsty smtseo petreada si nteend.d
Allt empertaurevsar ieidn par ecdtibalem annre withianc cteabplel imits,
and consaumblesu sage awlawsa ymsai ntainaetsd af el eevl.s Communica­
tinosq uailtyw ase xceopntaillgyo o,da ndl ivtee leviwsaisot nr anstmtied
ons ixo ccsaio.n sThe csrpueewr blyp erfortmehdep lannmeidss ino.
2-1
20. INTRODUCTION
The Apollo8 missionw as the eighth in a serieso f flightsu sing
specificationA pollo hardwarteh,e secondm annedf lighto f a block II
spacecraft,an d the first mannedf light usinag Saturn Vl aunchv ehicle.
The mission watsh e firstt o the vicinityo f the moon and was thec on­
tinuatino of a programt o develop mannleunda r landingc apability.
The overallo bjectiveso f the missionw ere to demonstratec ommand
and servicem odulep erformancei n a cislunar and lunar-obrit environment,
to evaluatec rew performance in a lunar-orbitm ission,t o demonstrate
communicationsa nd trackinga t lunard istances, and to returnh igh­
resolutionp hotographyof propoesd Apollol andinga reas and other loca­
tionso f scientifici nteres.t
Becauseo f the excellent performanocfe s pacecrafts ystems in both
the Apollo7 and Apollo8 missions,t his reportw ill present only the
Apollo8 missi on resulttsh at are either unitquoe t he lunar environ­
ment or signifciantlyd ifferentf rom Apollo7 .C onsequnetly, some of
the reports ectionsp resentedi n previousM issionR eportsh ave been de­
leted to permitg reatere mphasis on lunaro bservations socfi entifico r
operationailn terest.
All times in this report arbeas ed on rangez ero,t he integrals ec­
ond beforel ift-off. Range zero for this mission 1w2:as15 :00G .m.t.
3-1
3.0M ISSINO DESCRIPTION
TheA poll8o m issionf ollowtehdep rescrifbleihdgtp lan ienv ery
maojrr espte.c Thes pacveeh iclew asl auncheda t7 :150:0a .me.s. t..
onD ecembe,r1 926,18 atnhde s pacreacfwtas insetredi ntao 1 03-by
98-.nm i.p arkinogr bti.T hel auncvheh icel wasa 3-sgteaS aturV n
(on.5 03),a ndt hes pacefctwr aasa stnadarbdl ocIkI c ommaanndd s ervcie
modulceon fgiuriatno (on.1 03). lAun arm odultees ta ritcel (TLA-)Bw as
mounetdi nt hes pacefctrl/aauncvheih cel apdtaefro rm ass loadipnugr peos.s
Thea daeprtu sedo nt himsi ssino wast hef irsttoi ncpoorrtaea panel­
jtetisno mecshma.n i
Afetra parkgi-noirbtc oaspte ridoedv eo<ttio i nfligshyts tems
chec,kt shet hirsdt gae( -SIV)B oft hel aucnh hvicelew asr eigniatte d
25:0:73 fort het ranlsunairnj ectino maenuvre (see gfi.3 -1).T his
maenuvelra sted fosrec on3.d1 s9A ta pproxatimeyl 3:21:,t0 h0es pace­
crafwta ss peareatdf rotmh eS -IVB a sbmya lmlan euvre witthh es ervcie
modulree aicont contrsoyslt em.
Afters peartaino andt ransspiotni,ot hec :wr oebesrveadn dp hoto­
grapehdt heS -I,Vt Bhepne rofrmde reacticoonnt rsoyls tmeamen uvresa t
3:040:1a nda t4 4:5:10 toi ncretahsees epatrinao disntcae. At4 :55:65,
a liuqid-oxeyngd umpp rocuerdew asi niittaedi nt heS -IVtBo p rovide
imuplsfeo r chanigtispn agt tho a traigl-iendlgunea rf lybanyd for
inesritoni ntsool aro rbti.T hef irsmti dcroseu corcrtieon wasp erformed
witthh es ervciep ropuilosns ystaetm1 1:00:00 andp roudcead v eloyc it
changoef .284f t/se.c Thimsa enuvre reductehdei njetciopne rciynithon
altitufdreo4m 5 9t o6 6.3n .m i.
Thec ondointsia t cutofoff t het ranlsunai:nrej ctino maneuvweer re
son earlpye rfetchta otn loyn em idcroseu corrcetoin,a prpoximately
8 ft/esc, wouhlavdbe eesnu fcfiietn toa chieve thed eisreda littudoef
abou6t5 n .m i. atl unar boirti nsteirno.H oweevr,th eu nplnaendm aneu­
ver 7o.f f7t/ seact 4 :540:1a lteretdh e jtertcaorys ot hatth ep recdteid
altitwuadse4 5.81n .m i.,wh ihc requirae 2d4.8 -tf/secc orrcetiotno
achietvheed esierdc ondiotni.s addtiionamli cdouer scorrcetoino f
An
1.f4t/ sewca sp erofrmetdo f utrherre fitnhee i niatlic ondoint.si
Durintgr alnusnacro astth,e c rwe cmopletseyds tecmhse c,kn savgia­
tino sihgtin,gt swot eliesvin otranissmison,s and a seocndm iducrose
correct(i1o.fn4t/ seact 6 0:955:4). Thes paccreaftg hh-igaainnet nn,a
insatllefdo rt hef irsttie m otnh imsi ssino,w ast estesdu ccfeuslsl y
durign thet ralnusnacro aspthas e.
Lunar boirti nsteirno wasi niitateda t6 9:80:02 witah 2997t-/fsec
servciep ropuilosnm aneurv,re esultiinna g 6 0-by1 6.8-5n.m i.o rbti.