Apollo 11 Preliminary Science Report

193 Pages·2002·8.37 MB·English

NASAS P-214
Prelin1l[nary
Science
lleport
NATIONAAELR ONAUTICS
ANDS PACAED MINISTRATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Them atersiuablm itftoterdh e LuSnuarrf aSccei en­
tifiMci ssioofAn p ollllow asr eviebwyea d N ASA
ManneSdp acecraftT eCcehnntiRecerav li ew Board
consistinfgo lolofmw eitmnhbgee Jr.sM: .\ Ve(sCth air­
manP).,R .B elAl.J, .C aliJa.W,. H arrHi.sH ,.S chmitt,
S.H .S impkiWn.sKo .Sn t,e pheannsdoD. nG ,.W iseman.
Fors aleb y theC learinghofuosreF ederaSlc ientiafnidc T echnicIanlf ormatiSopnr,i ngfieVlidr,g in2ia2 151
CFSTIp ric$e 3.00 Libraroyf CongresCsa taloCga rdN umber7 7-603770
Foreword
OuR FJRSJTO URNEtYo t hJvleo ouns heirnea dn ewe rian w hicmha nw ilnlo
longbeecr o nfinteohd i hso mpel anTehtec. o ncoefpt tr avealcirnotgsh se
vastonfe sssp anceeww otrolh dasss t irtrhieemd a ginoafmt einoe nv erhyewre.
One-soiftx htEeha rtpho'psu lawtaitocnha estd h Aep ol1l1ao s trownaaluktesd
anwdo rkaeq du arotfe ra mmiillalewisao yn.
Thes uccoefst sh imsi sshiaoson p enneedw fi eldse xopfl oraantdi on
rese-arrecsheawrhcihcw hi ll tloae garde autnedre rstoafno duiprnl ga net
anpd rovain deewi nsiignhtttoh o er iaginndh istooftr hyse o lar Tshyes tem.
Apol1l1mo isswiaoson n lay begihnonwienvgSe,ur b.s eqmuiesnstiw oinlsl
reflmeoctra em boiutssic ienotbijfiecca tniwdvi elisln clmuodrece o mprehensive
observaantmdie oanssu reamtae v natrsi oeflt uyn sairt es.
Thidso cumiesan p tr elimrienpaoorrfytt h ien itsiciaeln otbisfiecr vations
resulftriotnmhg Ae p ol1l1mo i ssWieoe nx.p etchtaf tu rtshiegrn irfiecsaunltt s
will fcroommmoe r dee taainlaeldoy fths eir se tursnaemdpo lfel su nmaart erial,
andf roamd ditisotnuoadfylt hpeh otograanpddh asto ab taifnreodtm h e
emplaecxepde riBmeeynottnshd.aw tel, o ofko rwtaori dn creasing international
particiintp haetexi polno roaftt hiMeoo noa nn nde ighbroergiinoogfon ussr o lar
system.
THOMAS0 .P AINE
Administrator
NatioAnearlo naauntdSi pcascA ed ministration
OcTOBE3R1 1,9 69
iii
Contents
PAGE
INTRODUCTION vii
RoberRt. G ilruatnhd G eorgMe. Low
SUMMAROYF SCIENTRIEFSUILCT S 1
W. N.H essa ndA .].C alia
1 PHOTOGRAPSHUIM:VCI AROYF A POLLlOl :V HSSION 9
]amesH . Sasser
2 CREWO BSEVRATIONS 35
EdwinE .A ldri]nr,.N ,e iAl. A rmstronagn,dM ichaeClo llins
3 GEOLOGSIECT TIONFGT HEL UNASRA !v1PLREES TURNED
BY THE APlOlL:V LHOS SION 41
E.M . ShoemakeNr.G, . B aileRy.,M . BatsoDn.,H .D ahlem,
T.H .F ossM,.] .G mlieEr.,N .G oddarMd.,H .H aitH,. E .H olt,
K.B .L arson,]R.e]n.n ilsGo.n ,GS .c habeDr.,L .S chleicher,
H.H .S chmitRt.L, . S uttoGn.,A .S wannA,. C .W aterasn,d
M. N.W est
4 APOLLlOlS OI�LI ECHAl\:IICNSV ESTIGATION 85
N.C .C asteWs., D .C arri]e.rK ,. M itchealnld,R .F .S cott
5 PRELIMINEAXRAYM INATOIFOL NU NASRA MPLES 123
PASSISVEEI SMEIXCP ERIMENT 143
6
GaryV .L atham, Maurice EwiPnrge,s GsFe,ro arngkSe u tton,
]amesD ormanN,a fiT oksoRza, lphv ViggiYnoss,i Noa kamura,
JohnD erra,n dF rederiDcuke nnebier
7 LASERRA NGINRGE TROREFLECTOR 163
C.0 .A llePy.,L .B endeRr.,F .C hangD,. G .C urriRe.,H .D icke,
].E .F alleWr., M . KaulaG,. ]F.. M acDonaldD,.]M .u lholland,
H.H .P lotkSi.nK ,. P oultnDe.yT ,. W ilkinsIornv,i Wni ner,
'WaltCearr rioTno,m ] o hnsoPna,u lS padiLnl,o ydR obinson,
E.j oseph WampDloenra,lW di ebeEr.,S ilverbCe.rS gt,e ggerda,
].M ullendeo,r]R.a ynerW,. WilliamBsr,i a'nV arner,
HameyR ichardsaonnd,B .B opp
8 THES OLAR-vVCION:VDI POSIETXIPOENR IMENT 183
].G eisPs.,E berharPd.tS ,i gneFr.B, u ehlearn,d] .M eister
9 LUNARS URFACCEL OSEUSPT EREOSCOPPHIOCT OGRAP1H8Y7
10 THEM ODIFIDEUDS TD ETECTOIRN THEEA RLY
APOLLSOC IENTIEFXIPCE RIMEPNATCSK AGE 199
].R .B atesS,.C .F redena,n dB .] .O 'Brien
APPNEDIXA- GLOSSAORFYT ER'dS 203
APPNEDIXB -ACRONYMS 204
v
Introduction
RobeRr.Gt i lrauntdGh e orMg.eL ow
THEM ANNEDS PACFEL IGHPTR OGRAiM sd edictaott heeedx ploraantdui soen of
spabcyem anI.nt hiem medfiuattuer ew,i lcmloe nnt ienxupel otrhien gM oon,
addignrge attool uykr n owleodftg heMe o ont,hE ea rtahn,d stohlesa yrs tem.
It eixsp ecttheaidtnE arth orbitamle nwl ialcbloo nrdaeutxcoptre ireism ents
anmda koeb servtahtaiatorp neos s soinblliyen thee nsvpiarcoen ment.
Ins tandfiirnmbgle yh ind the spacei ts cbhieaeesnnn ec cee spsraorgyr am,
top rovmiedaenf som ra n ltioav newd o rikn" thnieswo ceaAn t.r"a nsportation
systheamhs a dto b ep roviwdietadhn avigsaytsitoengm r eopafrt e cision. An
extenmseidvipecr aolg rabme ehnnae sc essparroyv ditadoteo a n marne'asc tion
tot he sepnavciere onnTtmh.e j\' lercGuermyi,an nied,a rAlpyo lmlios shiaovnes
produscteedbp,ys tep,a ntshween eresd feodtr h Aep ollllol unar landing
mission.
Ther appirdo gorfet shpser ogroabms cuirtgesrd e at prTohbesl uecmcse.s s
oft hAep ollmoi s1s1wi aossn o libdalsyoe nde xceltleecnhtn osloougdnyed,c i­
sioannsda, t esptr ogrtahmaw ta sc arefullya npdel xaencnueTtdoet dh.i s
foundawtaisao dnd etdhs ek ialnlbd r avoefr y the absatcrkouenpda uabt ys ,
fultlrya inehdi gahmnlodyt ivgartoeudtn eda m.m usIntto bte f orgotthtaetn
the lmuinsasrwi aosvn e rcyo mplferxoa ml plo intvsi e-owpfl annhianrgd,­
warseo,f twaanrodep ,e ratOifno encse.sm sairtgywi,en rsse m aalnled v esnm all
deviaitnip oenrsf ormoarcn ocned uocftt h mei sscioounhl adv jee opardized
misssiuocnc ess.
Inp arawliltethlh e em phaosnei nsg ineperroibnlgae nmdts h esiorl ution,
thsec ienptairfitc Aopfo ltlllhm oei sswiaosn plaannednx eedc uwtietgdhr eat
carTeh.es ampolfel su nara nsdro oiclrk est urbnyte hdae s trownialualtd sd
mucdhe tasiclieedn itniffoircmT ahteip ohno.to garnadpo hbss ervoaftt ihoen s
crew ahlarveeaa ndsyw esroemdqe u estmiaonn sha assk feodtr h ousoafn ds
yeaTrhsee. m plaecxepde rihmaevnyeti se lddaetudan avaiulnatnbiollweT . h is
repioprsrt e liminaryo naltnyhdi e n ciostvcieiarelsn r teisfiuoclf t sAt phoel 1l1o
missMiuocnwh.o rrke mafiontrsh e lnaurmgboeefs r c ienitnivsotltsvou e ndd er­
staanndid n tertphfreae cttt hsaa tro en lpya rtelxyp otsoedda y.
vii
SummaorfyS cienRteisfuilct s
W. N. Hesasn dA. J .C alia
The scientifict hAoep bojle1lc1ot imvimeses­n twosefr dee ploaynedad p,p roxi2m0ak tge ly
sioinno, r doefpr r iowreirtteyh f,eo llgo:w inofl unmaart erwiearrlee turtnoEe adr tThh.e
(1 ) cTool leeacritln ty h eex traveahci­cduolcaurm entedp-esraimopdel xewt arses mheolryt ,
tiv(itVEyA) saa mple, ccaolnlteidn gtehhnoecw ye vaenrd,s amplceosl ledcutreidtn hgi s
sampolfea ,p proxi1mk agto efll uyn saurr fapceer iwoedrn eo cta refpuhloltyo grianp hpelda ce
matetroii nalst uhraseto mleu nmaart ewroiualld o rd ocumeinnot tehdwe ary s.
ber eturtnoEe adr th.
(2 )T ofi lrla piodnley of stahmep rlteew­ o
Naturoeft heL unaSru rface
turcno ntawiinteahrp sp roxi1m0ka tgoe ftl hye
lunmaart erciaalltl,heb edu lska mptloie n,s ureT heA pol1l1o lmuondaur(l Llvi e) landiend
three tuorfan na dequaamtoeuo nfmt a tetroi atlh seo uthwepsatretrM nao rfTe r aniqlulitatis,
meet thoef t hnee epdrsii nnvceisptailg ataoprpsr.o xi5m0akm tferloytm h cel osheisgth land
(3 )T od eploy threeo nte hxep elruimnmaaetrne trasin adal p proxi4m0a0mt ewleys otf a
surface: sharp-rbilmomccekrdya atpeprr oxi1m8am0t ely
(a)A passsievies motmoes tteurd y liunn adri aRmaeytosefe r j.e fcrtoam ctrhaitesex r­
seisemviecn tthsPe,a ssSievies Emxipce rimteenntpd a stthl ea ndsiintRgea .yf sr ommo re dis­
Pack(aP gSeE) P tanctr artsie,n clutdhicenr ga Ttheero lpuhasir,e
(bA)n o pticcoarln reerfl ecttoso tru dya lisno ltahned rienggi on.
lunlairbt riaotnhse, LRaasnegrRi entgr orefleScutrofrma actee artit ahllea ndsiinctgoe n soifs ts
(RLRR) unsorted fragmental fdreobmr is ranging in size
(cA) s olar-cwoimnpdo s(iS tWiCo)en x ­approxi1mmat tome ilcyr ospcaorptiiwcch liecsh,
perimteomn eta sutrhteey pese naenrdgo ife msa kuep t hmea joorfit thmyea terTihaidlse. b ris
thseo lwairno dn the lunar surflaacyete hrre,e goilsiat php,r oxi5m atmth eilicynk
4)T ofi ltlh see cosnadm prleet ucronn taitnherere ginoenat rh lea ndsiintgaes j, u dged by
witcha refsuelllelycu tnemadar t eprliaaclie ndt ot heb lockionfme astse rnieaavlra rious-sized
thleo cgaelo lcoognitcte odx rti,tv weo tcuobree sc raters.
inttohs eu rfaanctdeo r, e tutrhtneu bweist h thTeh e sotihlle u nosanur r fiaswc eea kcloyh e­
stratigroarpghaincmiaazlteledyr c iaalllt,eh de sives,h oawbsny tahbei loiftt hyse o tiols tand
documesnatmepdl e. onv ertsilcoaplTe hse. fignrea itnesnt do stick
Duringt atshpkehsso,et ogorfa psthuhsre f atcoeg ether, proofmc altuedtrihinacagtrl u cml­ods
werteob et akuesni an7 g0 -mHma slsbelcaadm ­pleudn dtehrae s tronbaouottTssh'.ed epotfh
eraan adc lossetuepr eocsacmoe(prhitaeAc p olltoh aes trofnoaouttpsar'ni dtn htpese netration of
LunaSru rfCalcoes Ceaumpe (rAaL SC)CT.)h e thLeM l andgienacgro rrestposo tnabdte iacr ing
scienttaisafikncsad v arioefot tyh tears wkesr ep ressoufar pepsr oxi1m pastTieh.le ys urfaces
planfnoeard2 -harn 4d0 -mtiinmp ee riod.w erree latsoifvtteod l eyp tohf5ts o2 0 e mD.e eper
Accortdoim nigs spiloantn hse, tailmleot ttehdat nh edseep tthhsre,e sisotfta hnmeca et erial
for ctohlel eocftt ihoedn o cumesnatmedp lteo,p enetriantciroecnao snessi deIrng aebnleyr.a l,
whichha d ltohweep srti owroiutlybd,es hortt­hleu nsaorai tlt hlea ndsiinwtgae ss imiilna r
eneidft ime iwnesrueffi cAileln sttc.hi ee ntaipfipce arbaenhcaeva,in omdre ,c hanpircoaple rties
taswkesr ceo mplestaetdi sfaacltilon rsitlrtyuot,- h seo einlc ounattte hrSeeu dr veeyqoura torial
1
2 APOLLO1 1 PRELIMINARY RSECPIOERNTC E
landsiintAgel st.h otuhglehu nsaordi ilff ecrosn ­cordtiont ght eh eotrhyre,e astohnam ta terial
sideriancb olmyp osaintidin ro ann ogfpe a rticilnes tihdceer atmeerlstw ehdi sluer fmaactee rial
shapfersoa mt erressotoirftli h asela mpea rticdliend­o its tfhoactu sai ncga uestffehedtec et m ­
sidzies tritbhuletu insoaonrdi, ol en soa tp petaor p eraitnusrtiehd ceer atteor rsie nacTsheir.sa dia­
diffseirg nififcraonsmti lmyit learrr essotiirnli atli hoen-attihnegoi rscy e rtanionytle yt proved,
mechanbiechaa.lv ior bunto o thpelra ustihbeloehr aivebese eand ­
Botrho unadneaddn gurloacrak psp eoantr h e vancteod extphlbeal ienbb esi'ln ogc aotneldy
surfianpc reo fuAslidloe ng.r oefeb su riaarle int hbeo ttoomfcs r ast.Ne ornoef t hbel ebs
presaennfidtl ,l oentt shs ei doefrs o cckasu,s epdh otogrbaypt hheaeds trownearurete st urned
byt hpeo wdesruyr fmaactee breiiapnlig l uepd int hsea mpcloen taiannednr osb ,l ehbasv e
bys ome erporsoicowenesarsle, comlmeoans.bt e Aetin d entiintfi heseda mples.
throefte h reo crktesu rnteoEd a rhtahv bee en
identiinpfi heodt ogorfta hplehu sns aurr face. On
TheP assiSveei smEixcp eriment
whaatp petaobr est huep per soufsr efvaecrea l
rockst,h irni nodfa ltemraetde raipaplr oxiS­intchete i moeft hRea ng1em ri sssicoine,n ­
a
matell roym thiicsfk o unTdh.ir si nidsl ightteirsh tasvb ee etnr yitnolg a nads eismoomne ter
coleodtr hatnh ree maionfdt ehrreo cakn d apt­hseu rfoafct eh :tvleo ont os earfcohmr o on­
peatrobs e cabuyss headt toefmr iinneggr raali nqsu.a kSeusc.c eospsefrualot fia o sne ismometer
Oneo utstafnedaitonufgtr hese u rfoafct ehse ise xtremely fioumrnp doerrtsatnoatftn hdei ng
rocrkest urtnoEe adr itsht he exoifs tesneicvne­t esrtnraulco tfu Jraae n apen ttd o a s earfcohr
ergalla ssp-illtir sno eomdr s malldeira mient peors.s liabyleeor rdi insgc otniteisnt.uh ieO nA pollo
Thesgel assp-iltiasnp epde aro not nhlseyu r­llm issiao sne,i smowmaestp elra coendt he
facerso co(kfsM o.r oeft hepsieta sro eb servseudr foaftc hee Maonodtn h,e insotpreurm­ent
ont hteo spu rfoafrc oecsk sk nwoiwtonhr ientaat­esda tisfac2t1od raiylTsyh. ei fnosrt rument
tiso).nQ uictlee atrhleyps,ie ta sro ef e xterncaoln tafionusered p acroapmtoen eTnhtrsle.oe n g­
origTihneg. l aosvse rloaftp hsse u rfoaftc hee peri(Lo Pd) (paproxim1a5t-esrleeysc o cne)a n
rocakn d rtehlsetu ifnega tculreeasrr elmsybe les eismomweetreer sa lined toomr etahso­gonally
hyperveilmopcacicrttay t Heorwse.v tehrpe,i tsu rseu rfmaoctei on both ahnodvr eirztoin­tally
don orte msbelcer atmeardsie n t hlea baotroryc alAl syi.n gles-haoxrits-(,p eSrsPie)oi ds mom­
byh yperveplaorctiiatcnyltd e hsoe,r iogfit nh e etewri,ta h r esonanto fap peprriooxdi mately
piitpssr eseunntklnyo wn. 1s emce,a suvreerdtm ioctailTo hnes. y stheamd
Them ositn tereasntdui nnegx pected tsiauldrtjf uasctmemo etnottrol s e vels ytshtueep mo n
featudriessc ovaenrdpe hdo togrbaypt hheed c ommafnrdo Ema rtThh.ei nstruwmaesn td e­
astroanrageul tass sy opnat thceh elssuu nra­prl oyoentd h leu nsaurr faapcper oxi1m6ma tely
facteh aatrd ee scrbiybt ehades troansar uet­sfor mt hLeM a nwda tsu rnoend whtihalese t ro­
sembldirnogop fss oldTehre.sp ea tcwheerse n auwtesr oen t hleu nsaurr fSaicgen.wa elrse
obserovnelidyn sisdeev erraails ecdr-artiemrr eesci vwehde tnh cer ewmcelnie mdbt hLe M
approxilm ma teidlniy ameTtheersg.el asslya dduesre,ad h ammetrop ounodnt hceo re
blembasyb ef ormbeyld o w-velocmiat­y tmuobleatsne,djn e ttiesqouniepdm iennctl,u tdhien g
tersipalla ttienrttiohn cegr atoerrt sh,e y mpaoyr talbislfueep psoyrstt (eP mLsS) S.
bef ormfeordm m atertihaahlta bse emne ltedA ctumaalx imiunms trutmeemnpte r(aa tpu­re
inp laTchee.s ectoifto hnid so cumeenntti tlperdo xim1a9t0Fe°)le y x ceetdhpeeld a nned maxi­
"LunSaurr fCalcoes eSutpe reosPchooptiocgm ­umi nstrutmeemnptee r atbauypr proximately
raphpyr"e saenni tnst ertehsetoiornftyg h oer i­50°F . Eavtet nh iesl evatteemdp er,at thuer e
gionft hbel ebbass,oe ndr adiahteiaotTnih nigs.i nstruwmoernkstea dt isfdaucrtiotnrhgifie lr ys t
theoproys tutlhaatwtei st htihnle a s1t00 00 0 lundaarya ndd uripnagro tft hsee coHnodw.­
yeatrhse, hSauadns uperoflrma irnei neovvean te venre,a nro oonf t hsee colnudn daary t,h e
thahte attehdle u nsaurr ftaoac t ee mperaitnusrter unmole onntg er acceptfeordm commands
thacta usmeadt eriinaslit dhceer astt eomr eltE,a rtsht atitohnesre;e, tf hoeer xperiwmaesn t
budti ndo cta ussuer fmaactee rtioma ellA tc.- terminated.
SUMMARY SOCFI ENTIRFEISCU LTS
3
TheL Ma ppetaorh sa vbeee na r icsho urocfe m ayb ea r esouflr te aslie smeivce natnsdm ay
siesmnioci sOen.e colfra essp eastiignngoa fl sb eg enerbaytm eodo nquaikmepsae,cve tn tosr,
nearildye ntsitcrauulrc ett hat owbaessr vedm ovemeonfst u rfaceH orwovecekrns,o. n oef
gradudaileldy ouatp eroivooedfmr a nEya rtht heeve ntsc abne c leairdleyn tirfieeadal n,ad s
dayTsh.e ssei gnsaeelmts o b er eldat toee ventsn one oofb stehresvg ienda hlasps a tterns nor­
ont hLeM suacsfh u evle ntivnagl,cv hea ttemra,l olbyes rvoedn recorsdiiesnmgaiscc t oifv i­
oro thmeerc hanimcoatli on.sg inTahhleas d a tioecsc ugr roiEnnar tChl.e artlhyMe,o oinsn ot
dominfarnetq uen7c.Hy2z b oeffo rLeM asncte a versyie smbiocd y. Arstiemisicfi scoiuarlc es,
ando f8 .H0z f olloawsicnegTn htse.ef reeqnu­sucahst hiem paocntt hleu nsaurr foafct eh e
cieasp petaorb ec haractferreiqsuteioncfc iSeast uIrVnBs taogrte h sepe nLtM ascesntta ge,
thLeM s tructure. willu sfbeuel ffuoterul runsaiers mome.t ers
Sveereaveln tssh owidnigs pearnsdih oanv ing
thaep pearoafsn ucref waacveew se rdee tected
LaseRra nginRge troreflector
ont hLeP s iesmomeTtheerwssae.v ter aoifntse n
occursriemdu lotuasnwlieyt ahs reieosfp ulss e TheL RRRc onsoifsa tnas r roafyfi nemlay­
on thseie sSmPo m.eI ttie snr oyte cte rtbauitn ,c hinqeuda rtz dceoprlnoeoyrntes hd le u nsaurr ­
thewsaev easrp er obanbolttyh ree souflr te alf acaen da imeadtt hEea rtThh.ea rriasuy s de
siesmievce ntbsu ta roef i nstrumentaals oar irgfeioflntre.e c rtroerls atsreBiryams le.a suring
Sveeroatlh er colfea vesnsteossf u nknownt he difsrtoatmnh lceae r st eot hree flecstmoarl,l
origwierneso brsveeTdh.e f olloawrien g pocsha­ngienst hmeo tiooftn h Meo oonr t hEea rth
sibsloeu rmceceh anifsomtrsh eosbers veesdie s­cabn em easurTehdeg. o awlh,e tnh sey stiesm
misci gnals: fulolpye ratiisoa nnau ln,c ertoafi1 n5te my
(1 )V entignags ferso tmh LeM andc ircul(a6 ti ­n).T.h eL RRRw ilall lsotwu sdt iobe ec on­
inflgu iwdist htihne LM ductoend 1 ()t hlei braotfit ohMneos o nb,o th
(2 )T hermoesltarsretesiflscw i iethtihne LMi nl atiatnuddl eo ngit(2u )dt eh,1e · eceosfs ion
antdh PeS EP thMeo ofnr otmh Eea rctahu seeidt bhyet ri dal
(3 )M eteoriomipda ocntt sh LeM ,t hPeS EP,d issipoarbt yi poaon s scihbalneig nte h ger avi­
antdh leu nsaurr face tation caonnd(3s )t anitrtrhe,eg umloatri oofn
(4 )D ispmleanctoe fr ocmka treiaallo sntgpe ethEea rtihn,c lutdhiCenh ga ndwloebrb olfte h e
crastleorsp e polTeh.e a mplitouftd heCe h anrd wloebble
(5 )M oonuqakes seemst ov ariyn twiimterh e lattiomo anj or
(6 )I nstnrtuameleff ects earqtuahkeev nets.
Iti su nclwehaert haenryo ft hree icveesdi g­ Ont hsea mdea tyh LeR RRw asd eplosyaetdi s­
nals awcetrueoa fll luyn asrm-isevcee-inotr igifna.c toornti hlseyu rfoafct eh Meo ona,t tempts
Oneo ft hmeo sitm porrteasnutol ftt hsPe S EP wermea dteo r angoent hree flecftrootrmh e
ist hdei scotvheatrthyb e a ckgrnoouinlsdee v eLli cOkb esvratoirnyC afloirnainadf rotmh e
ont he Miosoe tnxr emleolywA .t f requenMciceDso naOlbds erviantT oerxyaS so.mt ei mwea s
fro0m. t1o1 H z, btahcek grsoieusnmdi c-sirgenqaulif roterhd re a nging attseumcpctess st­o be
lveeflo vrre tiscuarlf maoctei oinsls e stsh anf uble cauisnei,t tiahlewlrayess, o muen cenrttya i
0.m3p m.T hilsve eilsf ro1m0 t0o 1 00 0t0i mesa st ot hleo caotfit ohlnea ndsiintAgef .ta ef re w
lestsh aanv eratgeer rebsatcrkigarllo euvnedl dsa ytsh,pi rso blweamss olvbeudgt,r ound-instru­
int hfer equreanncogyf0e .t1o0 .H2z f omri crom­entd ifficulatnidwe esa thperro mbslc eaused
siemss.Co ntinsueoiussbm aicck ground fsuirgtndhaeellrsa I ynsa .p proxiam awteeelkby,o th
fro1m0t o3 0m pm weroeb esrvoendt hree cordosbe svratorhiaedrs e ceisviegdn als reflected by
oft heh orizosnietsamlo me.Tt heresssei gnatlhseL RRR. sTihgen aalltsh,o ugh weak, were
decrecaosnesdi dnereaalbrul nnyao ro n maanyd cleairdleyn tei.Bfi yau bslitnhgit se cqhunei,t he
havbeee nd uet ol unasru rfacea-ttuermedp iesrtatnotc hee Mforoontm h Eea rhtahbs e en
chanwgheisc thi lttheiedn ustmnret. measurteod aacnc uroafac pyp roxi4mm a.t ely
Oft hmea nsyie smsiicg nraelcso rsdveeedr,a lI ts houblend o dt etthhadtei sttaonc Meto hoen
werper odubcyet dh e MLaMn.oy f t hsei gnailssa ctually tuona c feerwt ahiunnm detreerds
4 APOLLO P1R1E LIMINASRCYI ENCREE PORT
becauosfeu ncertaiintnh tveie elso ocfilt iyg ht.
TheL unaSra mples
Howevtehrde,i staepnxrcees isnle idg shetnc dos
isa ccurtaoat pep roximoantepe atlr iyn 1 0,8 Oft h2e2 k go fr teurnleudnm aart erikagl , 11
whicihs conwsiitsthth e4en- tma ccurdai­csya rreo cfkr agmleanrtgasne dr1 1k ga rsem aller
cussperedvi ously. tha1ne mi nsz ieT.h imsa termiaaybl e divided
ThLeR RRe xepirmenwti cloln tifnomuroe tn hs inttohf eo llofwoiugnrrg o su:p
ory eabrefso rfien al adraoetb at ainmeadyn onT ypeA -fine-gravienseidc curlyalsrit nale
oft hdee tamileaesdu remteon tubsnde e rtakeing.n erooucsk .
TypBe- mediugmar-incerdy stailglnienoeu s
rcok.
TheS olra-WinCdo mpositEixopne riment
TypCe b-ercac.i
Fosro emt imdei,r meecats uremheanvbtees e n
TypDe fine(sel stsh a1en m siinz .e )
madoeft hselo awri nedts,a blitshhpeier nsgee n c -
ofa ppxrmioate5l pyer cehnetl iiuomn isnt he Thec rylsitanrleo sck conmtinaeirnaa sls em­
solar-srwteianwmdh, i cihsc ompopsereddo mib­lagcersy,ss tziaelas n,d g acsa vitiinedsi,c ating
nantolfpy r otTohnes . solare xewpcitntedod itsh atth er ocwkesr cer ystaflrloilmza evdoa rs
contmaaiynn heavipeorrb aiborlneyrsp e,s entnae­ara-scmuere lftIst.i su ncretawihne thtehre
tiovefs olcaorm posbiutntio od nri,e cmtea surel­avwaesri em pagcetnr eatoerod f i tneronrailg in.
menst otfh ehseea vsipeerc hiaevsye te b eenT wenctryy lsitanrleos cwk erfeo undt hirene ­
madIet.n o ws eesmq utiel iekltyh atth e graasr et urnseadm pler,o sc1ok 0ft ypAe a nd1 0o f
measurientd h peo wdelruyn saarpm leiss otfy epB .I dnividruoasclwk eighuepdt o9 1g9.
solar-owirignibdnu ,tt hirsa re-sgoausrm caey Thet ypAe r oscc kontvaesicinl eosf1 tmom 3
bec onfuwsietodht hgearss o urTcheesm. ea s­ind iameftaecrwe idt bhr illciraylnsstt(. aMo ts
urerda rgea rse rpessea nnti tnegraotfit ohne vesiacrlseehp se ribcuastlo e m aorvea )tT eh.ere
sloawri dn inttoh seo oivl earp erioodfm ayn arael sirore lguacra vitiveusg,,is notwroh ich
millions of years. crysatnadol tsh gerro undmmiansessr p arleocjt.
Ane xepirmenwta sc onducdtuerdi tnhge Thep ercteangoefts h mei nerspa lerseinntt y pe
Apollo 11 mmeaissushrieaeov ni eetlroee mntsA rosca krcel inopyr53op xerecneenp,tl ;a gio­
int he swoilndadir r ecAt tlhyia.nl umifnouiml c la2s7ep ,er cenotp;a qu(eicsnl udaibnugn dant
of4 00c0m2 w asd peloyoend tshufera coeft he ilmenmiitneto,rr o ialnidnt aete,ii ovrn,)1 8p er­
Moofna citnhgSe u nT.h es olar-pwatirincdl ecse natn;do thterra nslpuhcsaeenastn, d a m inor
wereex pecttope ende tera aptproxi1m0-a5t ealmyo uonfot l iv2ip nerec,e Enxtc.e pftot rh hei gh
emi tnot hfeo ainld t o fibrem ltyr aptpheed rec.o ntoefno tp auqes,w hich rtehflheei cgithrs o n
Thef owialsc olclteeadf t7e7mr i np,l aciends idaedn t itanciounmt tehnmeti ,nr ealoagnydc h em­
onoef t hsea mlp-eretcuornnt aiannebdrr so,u ghits troyf t her osck resbelmtee rresotlriivailn e­
tot hNeA SAM anneSdp accreaCfentet r( MSC) beargib naaslts.
LunaRre ceiLvaibnroga to(Lr RyL ). Thed ark-brownsipeschekd-lt gyrpBae ry o ck
Appriomxat1ef l2tyo ft hfeo wial sr emoveidsg ranuilnta erx taunrdge e naelrlrye sbelmes
inth LeR Ls,t eriblyhi ezaaettd1 25C° f orh r3,9 terremsitcrrioagla Tbhbegr roassi.in za erfser om
ansde nttoS witzerlaannadl ySfsveoiersr s.ama ll l0 .t2o m m3 .T hep ercteangoefms i nesri antly pe
piecoefts h feo iela,ca hp pxriomat1e0el my2, Br oscak raesf ollcolwisn:o py4r6op xerecne;en ,t
wercel eanbeyud l tramsoetnhiocda sn,dt he plagio3c1pl aerscee,on tp;a qu(emasil nyi lmen­
nobglaes weesr teh eenxr tactfeoadrn aliyns iasi et)1,1p erecnctr;i sto5bp aerlcietanent,od; t her
massspe ctreeotmrH.e liumne,no ,a nda rgno minersa7,lp erceNnoto .l iviipsn eres einnt type
werfeo unadn,dt heiisro tcoopmipco swiatsi oBn r ockOst.h uenri edntimfiineedr sah lavbee en
measurTehde.r eusltcso rresgpeonnaedlrl tyo founTdh.ec omptleae bseonfch ey drmoiunse ral
sloaarb undanacneda sr ec leanrolnyt enepsh­asients y pAe o r tBy rpoesc ak ndt hpeer s­
triMaolr.ce o mplreetlsetu wsi lblep ersenteedn coeff riere polna cal eoslw i mointt h aem ount
whent hem ajopro rtoifot nh ef oihla sbe eno fw ateprer seinntt hmee lftr owmh ich the
analyzed. roscck rystaTlhlewi aztecedor.n tientnh tle u nar
SUMMARY SOCFI ENTIRFEISCU LTS 5
matreiailsc onesriadblloyw etrh atnh wea terf ro5mt o p1er0c etnitt ainrsia uramen m di gbhet
contiennt rter esbtarsiaallt s. considaet rietda nmiiunZmei .r conyitrutimu,m ,
Altleh b reccaierma isux rteosff ragmoefnt asn d chraoerm iauplmrs eos ienan mto unstusb ­
differreoncttkpy ess imiltayrep toAor t yep B stnatiallalryg teahrn m ighbte e xepctedi n
rocaknsda er mixtuargneusrlf aarogfm enatnds teersrtbraisaal lts.
sprhiecolfe s glasvsa riooefftc yoal oarnsd a Anohterc haractoeftr heis smatpilscei st hta
varioefti ydn iceosfr efracEtviiodne.on fc et heyl oaiwr nea lkaadnlv io laetlielmees nutcsh
srtonsgh ociks priensm eaynn tt yep C rocaksss o.d ipuoms,ts aiurmu,b idlieudma,a, nd bis­
Thesreo cvkasr fyr obmei gn verfyr bilaaedn muht.A sifdreo m cthhairsa ctaenrdti hvsetre yi c
softtob einagsh rad tahsce r ystallinleo wwr aotrce ckosn.t menentt nieodp rveioustlehy ,
Evidepnocniet tso t he brbeiecgcn ifaosr medm atermiiaglh tc obnes idteobr ees di mri ltao
bys hoccke mengt oirbn yl hiitficaotfit ohen teersrtrbiaaslaB lectasue.s othfee nriecnhotmf
powdelruyn ar msautreafrlaBi.coh et t echniqtueher se fraeclteoemrntyas dn thed epleotfti hoen
of brferocmcaitaia reop nr obatbhlreye souflt v olaetelimelnet isti, st m eptgi tnoc onsitdheer
impaecvetn ts. matertioa lsb iem itloaa c ri ndbeeirn,tg eh e nd
Finewse rree turtnoeE dar thi nt heb ulk­prodoufcat h ig-hteemarptuernev nimreontt,o
sampcloen traa innide nt hec orteu bTehse. coerxelp aithne msoed ifications.
tubsehso wneods tartciafitiooffin ne sa,nd the The rare-gasl nucaorsn matpleenhsta so f
matreiawla si,n g enersailm,it loat rhe bulbke­emnea sudr beym asss pcetrosTchoep y.c on­
sample fines.m aTtrheieca oltn yspies tDst eonoftf b ae ryllnieuomna,,r goknr,y np,ta ond
varietgyl aosfps elgsai,o clcalsien,o pyroxxneeonn heas,b eemne asuriends v eelrs aamples.
ilme,na idnt oelivAi nfeeN.wi -sFpeh eruupl eTsh et otraalr ec-goansti entn hetfi nesa nbdr ec­
to1 m mi nd iamrew teerfeo unGdl.a swsheisc,h c iaissa pproxi0ma.ct1ce /lwgyh, i cihsq uite
makuep a pproaxtie5ml0yp erceonftt yep D higThh.e sgea sweesr feo undt ehi onu tside
materaierao lft, he ret yeps:( 1 )v esicgulloabr­I,ya e rt hocefr tylasilnreo ckst,h geba ucsto ntent
uladra rk-fgrrgaamye nt(2s );p aloerc olorlfeuosndsi nstihdeeer s ocwkassv erlyo wT.h eg ases
anguflraareg nmtwsi trhe fraicdntiicooenfs apw­erfeuo ndt hurgohotuhtbe r eacscf,iru thiednri ­
proxaietml1y. t5o1 .a6dn; ( 3 ) spheerloliidpca­ailtn,tg h tat eh breacrcfeiro amse pdr,o bably by
soiddaulm,be lbl-psehdaa,n dt earrodp-sdh aspheocfkr,ot mhe fi neQsu.i ctlere lamyo,s tt hoef
bodiMeosso.tf t heeg slatspyses a rsema lrl ethamnea sudr reargea is sf rom storhlw eai ndA.l ­
0.2 amnmdr anignec olforro rme tdo b rowtno thoughi sonopoti rca tihoasv e bmeeaesnud r e
greteony lelowwi trhe fraicntdiiorcnnae gsi ngp reviofuossrlo ylr aarr e gtaehs veasl,uo ebs­
fro1m. 5t5o1 .U8n.l imkoest tee rsrtmraiganl ettiaci nferdo tmeh prleinmaireyx mainatcioomn­
glasmsaensys ,i nggllaeps rast isca lerie nhomop­arwee lwli tthh vela uset hatw oultdh eoretically
geneoust.h NeLi i-kFseep heruthel teysep, 3 bee pxected.
ronudegdl absosd sis eeetmo i ndicate meSlvetreiaonlftg h reo cmkessa urceodn tariandeido ­
inducbeysd rt onsgh ocIkn. feavicdte,n fcoer gen4i0cA wrh,i cwhh,e cno udp lewidtahto an
shoicsck o mmnoi nthe fi neasn di nt hber ceciasp.ot assaibuumn ndcaee,n abdlaetsio nftg h tei me
Howevoenlry,a f ewc rtyalslirnoec ks esvhio­owf c rtyaslliozfta htreio ocnbk ysu sgit nehd ecay
dencoef s trosnhgo icnkp lasco ethtehra nne arp rocess
tehs urfpaictes . (1)
A chemiacnaalslyi osfs veersamalp lseo fa ll
fuort pyeso fg lawsassm adues gi ntoipceamils ­Thipsr ocgeisvsae nsa ge 3o.f0 ±01.079X yr,
siosnpe ctorscoAp fye.ws ampswl eerael saon a­whicshh owtsh atth seu rfacteh mea orfi ias
lyzuedsg i antomaibsco trpiopnr odcuereAsl.l oldteharn h adb eeenx epcted.
fuort ypoefsl nuamra tersiaamlps hl aevbee en Aged atgic naanl so be acbcyom mepalsi­shed
sutdeida,nd a ltlpy esa ppeart o qbuei stiem iluarri ntgh aem ounotfc ertiasiont otpheaastr e
chemicTahleliryse. s niom imlatareri al compmroondd u cbey croasybmo imcb ardomfetn eht
onE artShve.re aolf t her eforraymc tetalasr e lurn asurTfhaictsee .c hen iyqiluedtsh et ime
verpyr onmeinOtn.E artha,d epsoicto ntianign tahtthe rowciktsha i nf feeweo tft hel urn asur-