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A T POCALYPSE HEN A T POCALYPSE HEN Prophecy and the Making of the Modern World Arthur H. Williamson PraegerSeriesontheEarlyModernWorld RaymondB.Waddington,SeriesEditor Libraryof Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Williamson, Arthur H. Apocalypse then :prophecy and themaking ofthe modernworld /Arthur H. Williamson. p. cm.—(Praeger series onthe earlymodernworld,ISSN 1940-1523) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-275-98508-0 (alk.paper) 1. Endofthe world.2.Prophecies.3. History—Prophecies.I.Title. BL503.W55 2008 2020.3—dc22 2007044131 BritishLibrary Cataloguing inPublication Data isavailable. Copyright (cid:2)C 2008byArthur H. Williamson Allrights reserved. Noportionof thisbookmay be reproduced, byany process ortechnique, withoutthe express written consentofthe publisher. Library ofCongress Catalog Card Number:2007044131 ISBN-13: 978-0-275-98508-0 ISSN:1940-1523 First publishedin 2008 Praeger Publishers, 88PostRoadWest, Westport,CT 06881 An imprintofGreenwood PublishingGroup, Inc. www.praeger.com Printedin theUnited States ofAmerica Thepaper usedinthis bookcomplies with the Permanent Paper Standardissued bythe National Information StandardsOrganization (Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials in this book, but in some instances this has proven impossible. The author and publisher willbegladtoreceive informationleadingtomorecompleteacknowledgments insub- sequent printings of the book and in the meantime extend their apologies for any omissions. To Liz and Vanessa, and Paulina C ONTENTS List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Chapter 1. Encountering the Beast 1 Chapter 2. Apocalypse Revived: The Reformation 37 Chapter 3. The Last World Empire and Its Competitors 71 Chapter 4. Prophecy and Nature: Science, Sex, and Salvation 105 Chapter 5. The British Revolutions: The Rise of Modern Politics 135 Chapter 6. Prophecy and Science II: Physics, Geology, and the Eschaton 167 Chapter 7. Apocalyptic Conscience in Crisis: Quakers, Jews, and Other Subversives 187 Chapter 8. Prophecy, Enlightenment, and the Democratic Revolutions 231 Chapter 9. Novus Ordo Saeculorum: The Rise of the Redeemer Republic 265 Chapter 10. Antichrist in the Postapocalyptic Age 293 Notes 321 Index 341

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to the nations'' where the peoples of the world would come to learn its law, ethics, and . be more clear: the Roman Empire is the last great beast, the last great test for the .. mentalism in Aquinas's doctrine of ''transubstantiation.''.