APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality (Apa Handbooks in Psychology) - (2-Vol Set)

768 Pages·2013·5.66 MB·English

by  Ed. Pargament, Kenneth I.

APA Handbook of
Psychology,
Religion,
and Spirituality
APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality (Vol 1): Context, Theory,
and Research, edited by K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline, and J. W. Jones
Copyright © 2013 American Psychological Association. All rights reserved.

APA Handbooks in Psychology
APA Handbook of
Psychology,
Religion,
and Spirituality
volume 1
Context, Theory, and Research
Kenneth I. Pargament, Editor-in-Chief
Julie J. Exline and James W. Jones, Associate Editors
American Psychological Association • Washington, DC
Copyright © 2013 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except as permitted
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality / editor, Kenneth
I. Pargament.
v. ; cm. — (APA Handbooks in Psychology)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4338-1077-0 — ISBN 1-4338-1077-8
1. Psychology and religion. 2. Psychology, Religious. 3. Adjustment (Psychology)—Religious aspects.
4. Spirituality. I. Pargament, Kenneth I. (Kenneth Ira), 1950– II. Title: Handbook of psychology,
religion, and spirituality.
BF51.A53 2013
2019.615—dc23
2012015189
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record is available from the British Library.
Printed in the United States of America
First Edition
DOI: 10.1037/14045-000
To psychologists of religion and spirituality,
past, present, and future—
pioneers and partners exploring the deepest dimensions of life.

Contents
Volume 1: Context, Theory, and Research
Editorial Board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
About the Editor-in-Chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv
Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Part I. Setting the Stage: Themes, Contexts, Measures, and Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1. Envisioning an Integrative Paradigm for the Psychology of
Religion and Spirituality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Kenneth I. Pargament, Annette Mahoney, Julie J. Exline, James W. Jones,
and Edward P. Shafranske
Chapter 2. The Social Context of Religion and Spirituality in the United States. . . . . . . . . .21
Christopher G. Ellison and Michael J. McFarland
Chapter 3. Measurement in the Psychology of Religiousness and Spirituality: Existing
Measures and New Frontiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Peter C. Hill and Evonne Edwards
Chapter 4. Methodological Diversity in the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality . . . . . .79
Ralph W. Hood Jr.
Part II. Why People Are Religious and Spiritual: Explanatory Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Chapter 5. Sacred Armor: Religion’s Role as a Buffer Against the Anxieties of Life
and the Fear of Death. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Melissa Soenke, Mark J. Landau, and Jeff Greenberg
Chapter 6. Religion, Self-Control, and Self-Regulation: How and Why Are
They Related?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Michael E. McCullough and Evan C. Carter
Chapter 7. Religion, Spirituality, and Attachment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Pehr Granqvist and Lee A. Kirkpatrick
Chapter 8. Why Religion? Meaning as Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Crystal L. Park, Donald Edmondson, and Amy Hale-Smith
vii
Contents
Chapter 9. Spirituality, Religiousness, and Personality: Theoretical Foundations
and Empirical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Ralph L. Piedmont and Teresa A. Wilkins
Chapter 10. Spiritual Modeling and the Social Learning of Spirituality and Religion. . . . .187
Doug Oman
Chapter 11. The Neurophysiology of Religious Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Joanna Maselko
Chapter 12. Cognition, Evolution, and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Justin L. Barrett and Bonnie Poon Zahl
Chapter 13. Religion, Spirituality, and Culture: Clarifying the Direction of Effects . . . . . .239
Kate Miriam Loewenthal
Chapter 14. Searching for the Sacred: Toward a Nonreductionistic
Theory of Spirituality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
Kenneth I. Pargament
Part III. How People Are Religious and Spiritual: Expressions and Experiences. . . . . . 275
Chapter 15. God Image and the Sacred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
Todd W. Hall and Annie M. Fujikawa
Chapter 16. Prayer: A Review of the Empirical Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293
Kevin L. Ladd and Bernard Spilka
Chapter 17. Contemporary Spiritual Meditation: Practices and Outcomes. . . . . . . . . . . . .311
Amy B. Wachholtz and Elizabeth T. Austin
Chapter 18. Rituals and Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
Ellen L. Idler
Chapter 19. Religious and Spiritual Coping: Current Theory and Research. . . . . . . . . . . .349
Terry Lynn Gall and Manal Guirguis-Younger
Chapter 20. The Spirituality of Us: Relational Spirituality in the Context
of Family Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365
Annette Mahoney
Chapter 21. Mystical Experience: Conceptualizations, Measurement, and Correlates . . . .391
Ralph W. Hood Jr. and Leslie J. Francis
Chapter 22. Spiritual Experience: Conversion and Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
Steven J. Sandage and Shane P. Moe
Chapter 23. The Virtues: Gratitude and Forgiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423
Robert D. Carlisle and Jo-Ann Tsang
Chapter 24. Religion, Spirituality, and Altruism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
Vassilis Saroglou
Chapter 25. Religious and Spiritual Struggles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459
Julie J. Exline
Chapter 26. Religion and Evil in the Context of Genocide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477
James E. Waller
Part IV. Who Is Religious and Spiritual: Specific Populations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Chapter 27. The Nature and Functions of Religion and Spirituality in Children . . . . . . . .497
Chris J. Boyatzis
viii
Contents
Chapter 28. Searching for the Sacred: Religion, Spirituality,
and Adolescent Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513
Pamela Ebstyne King, Jenel Sánchez Ramos, and Casey Erin Clardy
Chapter 29. Religious Involvement in the Later Years of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529
Neal Krause
Chapter 30. Faith and the Sacred in African American Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547
Jacqueline S. Mattis and Nyasha A. Grayman-Simpson
Chapter 31. The Spiritual and Sacred Among North American Indians
and Alaska Natives: Mystery, Wholeness, and Connectedness in
a Relational World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565
Jeff King and Joseph E. Trimble
Chapter 32. Asian American Spirituality and Religion: Inherent Diversity,
Uniqueness, and Long-Lasting Psychological Influences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .581
Amy L. Ai, Jeffrey P. Bjorck, Hoa B. Appel, and Bu Huang
Chapter 33. Religion and Spirituality in Latino Life in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . .599
Joan Koss-Chioino
Chapter 34. Unlikely Congregation: Gay and Lesbian Persons of Faith
in Contemporary U.S. Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617
Edouard Fontenot
Chapter 35. Buddhism: A Blend of Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . .635
Jean Kristeller and Lobsang Rapgay
Chapter 36. What Does It Mean to Be a Hindu? A Review of Common
Hindu Beliefs and Practices and Their Implications for Health. . . . . . . . . . . .653
Nalini Tarakeshwar
Chapter 37. The Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology of Jews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .665
Adam B. Cohen, Benjamin J. Gorvine, and Harold Gorvine
Chapter 38. The Psychology of Islam: Current Empirically Based Knowledge,
Potential Challenges, and Directions for Future Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .681
Hisham Abu-Raiya
Chapter 39. The Christian Religion: A Theological and Psychological Review. . . . . . . . . .697
Richard Beck and Andrea D. Haugen
Chapter 40. Atheists, Agnostics, and Apostates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .713
Heinz Streib and Constantin Klein
Chapter 41. Charismatic Groups and Cults: A Psychological and Social Analysis . . . . . . .729
Marc Galanter
ix