APA dictionary of psychology

1221 Pages·2015·10.682 MB·English

by  American Psychological Association.;VandenBos, Gary R

APA
Dictionary
Psychology
of
SECOND EDITION

AAMMEERRIICCAANN PPSSYYCCHHOOLLOOGGIICCAALL AASSSSOOCCIIAATTIIOONN
APA
Dictionary
Psychology
of
SECOND EDITION
Gary R. VandenBos, PhD
Editor in Chief
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION • Washington, DC
Copyright © 2015 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except as permitted
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
APA dictionary of psychology / Gary R. VandenBos, editor-in-chief. -- Second Edition.
pages cm
Revised edition of APA dictionary of psychology 2007.
ISBN 978-1-4338-1944-5 -- ISBN 1-4338-1944-9 1. Psychology--Dictionaries. I. VandenBos, Gary R. II. American
Psychological Association. III. Title: A.P.A. dictionary of psychology. IV. Title: Dictionary of psychology.
BF31.A65 2015
150.3--dc23
2014049110
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record is available from the British Library.
Printed in the United States of America
Second Edition
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14646-000
Contents
Preface vii
Editorial Staff ix
Guide to the Dictionary xi
Quick Guide to Format xv
APA Dictionary of Psychology 1
Biographies 1173
Appendixes
Institutional and Organizational Entries 1195
Psychological Test and Assessment 1197
Instrument Entries
Psychotherapeutic Techniques, Biological 1201
Treatments, and Related Entries
v

Preface
The American Psychological Association (APA) is proud to sulted in many textual refinements, in many structural
offer the second edition of its critically acclaimed and best- alterations (e.g., dropping entries, collapsing them, etc.),
selling APA Dictionary of Psychology. The first edition, copy- and, indeed, in the collection of both missing and entirely
right 2007, included some 25,000 entries. That corpus new vocabulary, all of which are now included in the sec-
was vetted by nearly 100 experts in the field of psychology ond edition.
and labored over for almost a decade by APA Reference APA recently released one other specialty reference, the
staff and associated lexicographers. The first edition re- APA Dictionary of Statistics and Research Methods (2014,
flected current dimensions of the field as a whole, with en- 4,100 entries). By some reckonings, this may have been
tries ranging from the fundamental mainstays to those the most important release between the two editions of the
representative of the evolving language of a diversely ori- full dictionary: The statistics and methods dictionary did
ented and porous field, including numerous topical over- not simply derive from the first edition; under the editor-
laps in the other social, behavioral, and health sciences. ship of Sheldon Zedeck and his editorial board, it more
This characterization of coverage remains true in the sec- than doubled the number of entries of the original cover-
ond edition. age of these two highly interrelated fields. A substantial
APA collaborated intensively on the first edition with number of these entries has been selected and adapted for
Market House Books Ltd (MHB), a British firm with, to the second edition as well.
date, 45 years’ experience in creating reference books for Even while staff was busy with the preparation and re-
both British and American markets. Broadly, APA Refer- lease of these resources, APA Reference was engaged in or-
ence staff managed the dictionary’s conceptual and edito- ganizing a series of editorial “rounds” to prepare for the
rial development, and MHB staff handled its administra- release of this second edition of the full APA Dictionary of
tion, copyediting, and composition. (For an extensive Psychology, of which there would be broadly three prior to
history of the first edition process, the interested reader the final production stages.
may consult its preface.) This professionally and personally
Round 1. Over 70 psychologists and allied health pro-
rewarding collaboration continued with the preparation of
fessionals were commissioned to review substantively
the second edition.
about 18,000 (of the original 25,000) first-edition entries,
As with the parent edition, the second edition is in-
organized into 45 core content areas. The superordinate
tended for psychologists, graduate and undergraduate psy-
areas of focus were, among others, clinical psychology,
chology students, practitioners and researchers in allied
neuroscience and cognitive neuroscience, lifespan develop-
mental health professions (e.g., psychiatrists, nurses, and
mental psychology, and personality and social psychology.
social workers), and all thoughtful readers who are curious
On the basis of these peer reviews, numerous entries were
about mental health issues; psychological history and the-
revised and updated, others now considered obsolete were
ories; and, perhaps most important, psychological assess-
removed, and roughly 2,000 altogether new entries were
ment, diagnosis, and therapy. In order to engage such a
drafted. Two somewhat anomalous entry categories—bio-
broad audience and fulfill its varied expectations, every ef-
graphical and institutional—were also reviewed in order to
fort has been made to present the dictionary’s entries in a
expand coverage and to update existing material. Indeed,
clear, jargon-free style that should enable them to be un-
the editorial staff undertook a significant expansion and
derstood not only by experts but also by readers who lack
novel treatment of biographies for the second edition: Now
specialized knowledge.
the entries on important figures in the history of psychol-
Evolution of the Second Edition ogy—and from areas with significant impact on the field—
If the process of vetting, compiling, reviewing, editing, and are much briefer and have been collected into a separate
composing the parent edition seemed an almost Herculean section following the lexical entries, a change of procedure
task, some eight years later, the process of preparing the and scope that allowed for a quadrupling of biographical
second edition was nearly as complex, although now, natu- coverage. In addition most of the biographical entries now
rally, a large, established corpus of entries already existed carry cross-references to lexical entries in the preceding
as a solid basis from which to work. It is not an exaggera- section.
tion to say that the second edition of the APA Dictionary of Round 2. The 45 core entry subsets next passed
Psychology began prior to the release date of the first edi- through a second round of development, in which APA
tion and initially evolved through work on several smaller, Reference staff and its consultant lexicographers refined
interim dictionaries for specific users. the peer-reviewed existing and newly composed entries,
For instance, an abridgment for general readers and a with occasional further assistance from the original re-
lightweight, portable collegiate version had been planned viewers. Reference staff additionally incorporated many
even before the first edition went to the printer. The results minor corrections and substantive revisions collected by
of those first efforts were, respectively, the APA Concise Dic- APA in the years since the release of the first edition.
tionary of Psychology (2009; 10,000 entries) and the APA During this round, staff also reviewed the remainder of
College Dictionary of Psychology (2009; 5,000 entries). Two the dictionary’s original corpus of entries, about 7,000 in
subfield-focused collections followed: the APA Dictionary of roughly 46 content areas, for (a) possible datedness; (b) ty-
Clinical Psychology (2013; 11,000 entries) and the APA pographical or grammatical errors; and (c) other concerns,
Dictionary of Lifespan Developmental Psychology (2013; such as lack of clarity or inconsistencies with related en-
8,000 entries). Staff’s ongoing encounters with the ma- tries. Staff further decided that coverage in several areas
terial of the first edition in fashioning these derivatives re- would be cut back significantly. For instance, staff judi-
vii
PPrreeffaaccee
ciously pruned the first edition’s inclusion of the historical States in 2015, the year of release for the APA Dictionary of
lexicon (e.g., that related to the field’s roots in philosophy Psychology, Second Edition. Preparation of the ICD–11, cur-
and the discourse of logic). Not the least of our concerns rently scheduled for release in 2017, is underway.
was a desire to make space for new entries that had accu- It may be seen, thus, that the timing for the release of
mulated in the intervening years since the first edition. the second edition of the dictionary proved to be problem-
Round 3. The interconnectedness and, indeed, interde- atic in relation to its editorial development. As a conse-
pendency of the entries in a specialty dictionary is some- quence, pertinent entries in this edition continue to refer to
thing that is not typically visible to most users where an the two most recent editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical
A-to-Z format is involved—nor does it need to be. Regular Manual of Mental Disorders, the DSM–IV–TR and the DSM–
users perhaps only begin to perceive these ligaments when 5. This is not entirely inappropriate or illogical, given the
they take into account the extensive cross-referencing that transitional stage in which most of American psychology
underlies the dictionary and gives it its depth and broader finds itself, as clinicians and therapists gradually make the
utility. Thus, Round 3 centered on the effort to make sure move to the use of the ICD. In the meantime, the Ameri-
that all the entries work together smoothly, a task that is can Psychological Association is publishing a number of
more daunting than it may sound, especially when the books in both print and electronic form, training manuals,
clock is ticking down toward the production phase. An ad- application software, and the like to educate its members
ditional challenge was to reconcile the entries with those about this significant transition, and, in years ahead, the
incorporated (about 2,000) from the more than doubled APA Dictionary of Psychology will undoubtedly reflect this
corpus in the new APA Dictionary of Statistics and Research shift in clinical diagnosis in a revised edition.
Methods. In brief, it was essential not only to incorporate
Acknowledgments
as much of the revised and added material as possible from
First and foremost, I wish to thank the APA Reference staff,
this dictionary to the second edition, but also to adapt that
under the indefatigable and expert project direction of
material, as necessary, in the context of the greater num-
Marion Osmun, and the staff of Market House Books. From
ber and diversity of entries in the full dictionary.
the latter, we sadly lost an important content editor with
At the conclusion of this round, the content was re- the passing of John Daintith, but we continued to benefit
turned to Market House Books for final editorial and lexico- from the expertise of Jonathan Law and Elizabeth Martin
graphical polishing and for the production phase. in editorial and Amanda Garner-Hay and Anne Kerr in
production. I would also like to single out APA Reference
A Note Regarding Diagnostic Classification of Manager Patricia Mathis, not only for her work in this edi-
Mental and Behavioral Disorders tion but also for her editorial supervision of the statistics
and research methods dictionary, which is so tidily re-
During the editorial review and production of the APA Dic-
flected here. A complete list of all editorial participants can
tionary of Psychology, Second Edition, a significant and long-
be found immediately hereafter. My sincere thanks go out
developing shift occurred for U.S. psychology, with the
to all of them.
move away from the use of the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to the mandated use of a It is challenging to get any edition of a dictionary to
diagnostic system based on the International Statistical Clas- press. This is partly due to the challenge of loosening one’s
sification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) as the grip of the editorial process to say: Now is the time to send
official diagnostic system in the United States. The ICD is this edition out into the world. That time has come, how-
the global standard in diagnostic classification for health ever, and the consolation rests in the hope that APA will
reporting and clinical applications for mental disorders as continue to devote time and resources to keeping alive this
well as for all other medical diagnoses. Many countries attempt to capture the lexicon of psychology and make it
have used the ICD–10 (the edition released in 1992) since accessible to professional and layperson alike in the form of
about 1995, but it was only adopted in the United States in new derivatives and, indeed, new editions.
2012. The clinical modification of the ICD–10 is now Gary R. VandenBos, PhD
available and is scheduled for implementation in the United Editor-in-Chief
viii
Editorial Staff
Editor-in-Chief
Gary R. VandenBos, PhD
Senior Editors (American Psychological Association)
Marion Osmun
Theodore J. Baroody
Julia Frank-McNeil
Patricia D. Mathis
Market House Books, Ltd., Editorial and Production
Amanda Garner-Hay
Anne Kerr
Jonathan Law
Elizabeth Martin
Editors
Wendy Caster
Mariclaire Cloutier
Claude Conyers
Lisa Tytus Corry
Lisa R. Dittrich
Kristen L. Knight
Stefanie Lazer
Editorial Consultants
Andrew C. Butler, PhD
Mary Beth M. Cresci, PhD
David C. Devonis, PhD
Donald A. Dewsbury, PhD
Leandre R. Fabrigar, PhD
Ingrid G. Farreras, PhD
Donelson R. Forsyth, PhD
Craig H. Kinsley, PhD
Maura Mitrushina, PhD
Harry T. Reis, PhD
Brian P. Yochim, PhD
Editorial Reviewers
Bernard J. Baars, PhD David C. Funder, PhD
John Bancroft, MD Lisa Geraci, PhD
Imants Barušs, PhD Meyer D. Glantz, PhD
Marlene Behrmann, PhD Catherine A. Haden, PhD
Douglas A. Bernstein, PhD Philip D. Harvey, PhD
Marian E. Berryhill, PhD Melissa J. Hawthorne, PhD
David F. Bjorklund, PhD Gregory Hickok, PhD
Paul H. Blaney, PhD Jennifer L. Hudson, PhD
Robert F. Bornstein, PhD Bryan A. Jones, PhD
Brian Bruya, PhD Irene P. Kan, PhD
Ann Kathleen Burlew, PhD Robert J. Kastenbaum, PhD†
Gideon P. Caplovitz, PhD David A. S. Kaufman, PhD
Susan T. Charles, PhD John F. Kihlstrom, PhD
Philip J. Corr, PhD Frederick T. L. Leong, PhD
Stephen L. Crites Jr., PhD Jeffrey J. Magnavita, PhD
Jennifer Crocker, PhD Rowland S. Miller, PhD
Jaine L. Darwin, PsyD Brooke S. Parish, MD
Michael Domjan, PhD Celine-Marie Pascale, PhD
Perrin Elisha, PhD Benton H. Pierce, PhD
Karla K. Evans, PhD Joseph H. Ricker, PhD
Todd J. Farchione, PhD Damaris J. Rohsenow, PhD
Shannon Foskett, MA Bennett L. Schwartz, PhD
ix