APA Concise Dictionary PsycKology APA Concise Dictionary PsycHology American Psychological Association Washington, DC Copyright © 2009 by the American Psychological Association, All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, including, but not limited to, the process of scanning and digitization, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by American Psychological Association 750 First Street, NE Washington, DC 20002 www.apa.org To Older APA Order Department P.O. Box 92984 Washington, DC 20090-2984 Tel: (800) 374-2721; Direct: (202) 336-5510 Fax: (202) 336-5502; TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123 Online: www.apa.org/books/ E-mail: [email protected] In the U.K., Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, copies may be ordered from American Psychological Association 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden, London WC2E 8LU England Typeset in Aylesbury, England, by Market House Books, Ltd. Printer: Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, Michigan Cover Designer: Naylor Design, Washington, DC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data APA concise dictionary of psychology/American Psychological Association. p. cm. Abridgement of: APA dictionary of psychology. ISBN-13: 978-1-4338-0391-8 ISBN-10: 1-4338-0391-7 1. Psychology—Dictionaries. I. American Psychological Association, II, APA dictionary of psychology. III. Title: A.P.A, concise dictionary of psychology, IV. Title: Concise dictionary of psychology. BF31.A65 2009 150.3—dc22 2008007351 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record is available from the British Library. Printed in the United States of America First Edition The citation for this publication is APA concise dictionary of psychology. (2009). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Contents Preface vii Editorial Staff ix Quick Guide to Format xi APA Concise Dictionary of Psychology 1 Appendixes Significant Historical Figures in 571 Psychology Psychotherapy and Psychotherapeutic 582 Approaches Entries Preface The release of the APA Dictionary ofPsychology in 2006 was a milestone for the American Psychological Association (APA) and its books pubhshing arm, APA Books. The culmination of some ten years of research and lexicographic activity, the work has received strong critical endorsement from both the publishing and reference library communities. Rapid sales, moreover, resulted in the need for a large-scale second printing within a year of initial release. In recognition that a more focused version would have additional appeal to the ever- increasing number of thoughtful readers from all walks of hfe who are interested in the knowledge that the field brings to the problems of everyday living, APA Books is pleased to release this APA Concise Dictionary ofPsychology. In the context of shortening the parent dictionary, our editorial process has relied first and foremost on reducing the number of entries: Whereas the parent dictionary contains definitions for some 25,000 terms, the APA Concise Dictionary covers some 10,000. This significant reduction was accomplished largely by limiting coverage in several categories that may be thought of as somewhat too technical or too specialized to be of central interest to a general reader. Although we have attempted to maintain reasonable coverage in each, among the more abbreviated categories are the following: aesthetics genetics animal behavior/experimentation language/linguistics artificial intelligence legal psychology biology neuroscience consumer psychology parapsychology ergonomics philosophy general physical disorders sport psychology We may also note that, whereas the parent dictionary included entries on a limited number of historical figures and on organizations and institutions central to the field, this material was omitted in the APA Concise Dictionary to save space. However, the biographical appendix in the parent dictionary—a simple listing of those figures described fully in the dictionary's entries—has been retained and expanded, both in terms of the number of individuals listed and the details given for each. Cross-references to entries in the dictionary, moreover, are included for many individuals—a feature that we hope will increase the usefulness of the appendix. It is also appropriate to note in this context that, although considerably expanded, there are still gaps in this biographical appendix and that it represents an interim stage in anticipation of a fully evolved biographical dictionary that APA is currently developing and will publish within the next year or so. In this vein, moreover, it should be noted that we deleted attributions in many definitions (e.g., to coiners of terms), although we retained attributions in eponymous entries (e.g., Bayley's Scales of Infant and Toddler Development) and in entries for important theories, schools of psychology, and the like (e.g., to Harry S, Sullivan in interpersonal theory and to John B. Watson in behaviorism). Among secondary strategies for abridging the parent dictionary, three are especially significant: First, in cases where individual entries were densely detailed, some editorial shortening was undertaken, typically by omitting lengthy illustrative information (good examples are found at the headwords coalition, dream, and time sampling). Second, in some cases, editorial staff amalgamated entries for semantically related terms into a single entry, thus eliminating duplication of information (good examples are the here- composite entries on aphasia, apraxia, and parenting). Third, in most instances, general (i.e., commonly understood) meanings underlying meanings within psychology were omitted from entries (good examples are event, homework, and repression). Additionally—and perhaps most important—it should be noted that the creation of the APA Concise Dictionary was not solely the result of such "mechanical" editorial strategies as those noted above, but, in numerous instances, involved a process of active reconsideration and recrafting of the parent definitions (good examples may be found at the headwords commissure, conscience, and criminal profiling). This process of redefining and updating certain entries was viewed as an early and earnest effort to prepare for a second edition of the full dictionary—an event that we anticipate as a reality within the next several years. Although almost all of the adaptations noted above were executed by in-house reference staff and by our ever-valued colleagues at Market House Books, Ltd. (a firm with over 30 years of experience in compiling reference works for both British and American audiences), we proudly retain the names of the complete editorial board of the parent APA Dictionary ofPsychology in this abridgement as continuing recognition of their central role in this ongoing undertaking to define the field of psychology. Their expertise and labor still permeate this book. As we did with the full dictionary, we invite the users of the APA Concise Dictionary ofPsychology to assist us in the task of construing the lexicon by contacting us concerning errors of omission and inclusion, inaccuracies, infelicities of phrasing, new terminology, printing errors, and the like. Please contact us by post in care of APA Books, 750 First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002, Attention: Reference; or by email at [email protected]. Gary R. VandenBos, PhD APA Publisher Editorial Staff Editor in Chief Gary R. VandenBos, PhD Senior Editors (American Psychological Association) Theodore J. Baroody Juha Frank-McNeil Patricia D. Knowles Marion Osmun Senior Editors (Market House Books, Ltd.) Alan Isaacs Jonathan Law Elizabeth Martin Editorial Board Mark Appelbaum, PhD Elizabeth D. Capaldi, PhD Debra L. Dunivin, PhD Alan E. Kazdin, PhD Joseph D. Matarazzo, PhD Susan H. McDaniel, PhD Susan K. Nolen-Hoeksema, PhD Suparna Rajaram, PhD Editorial Contributors John G. Albinson, PhD Erica L. Fener, PhD Mark Appelbaum, PhD Donelson R. Forsyth, PhD Bernarcl J. Baars, PhD Robert G. Frank, PhD Andrew S. Baum, PhD Donald K. Freedheim, PhD Roy F. Baumeister, PhD CharlesJ. Golden, PhD Daniel S. Beasley, PhD Maria A. Gomez, DVM, PhD Leonard Berkowitz, PhD Kenji Hakuta, PhD David F. Bjorklund, PhD Dennis C. Harper, PhD C. Alan Boneau, PhD Curtis P. Haugtvedt, PhD Marc N. Branch, PhD Morton A. Heller, PhD Laura S. Brown, PhD John W. Jacobson, PhD Joseph J. Campos, PhD Robert J. Kastenbaum, PhD Daniel Cervone, PhD John F. Kihlstrom, PhD Stanley H. Cohen, PhD Bruce E. Kline, PsyD DeborahJ. Coon, PhD Debra L. Kosch, PhD James C. Coyne, PhD Michael J. Lambert, PhD Robert L. Dipboye, PhD Joseph LoPiccolo, PhD Maria L. Dittrich, PhD George F. Luger, PhD Gail Donaldson, PhD Rael5Tin Maloney, PhD Deborah K. Elliott-DeSorbo, PhD A. David Mangelsdorff, PhD David G. Elmes, PhD Colin Martindale, PhD Gary W. Evans, PhD Kenneth I. Maton, PhD Leandre R. Fabrigar, PhD Randi E. McCabe, PhD, CPsych Editorial Contributors (continued) Katharine McGovern, PhD Tonya L. Smith-Jackson, PhD Barbara G. Melamed, PhD Charles T. Snowdon, PhD Theodore Millon, PhD, DSc Michael A. Stadler, PhD Bryan P. Myers, PhD Robert J. Sternberg, PhD Peter E. Nathan, PhD Cheryl V. Tan, PhD Raymond S. Nickerson, PhD W. Scott Terry, PhD Andrea Farkas Patenaude, PhD J. Kevin Thompson, PhD Christopher Peterson, PhD Mieke H. Verfaellie, PhD Robert W. Proctor, PhD Neal F. Viemeister, PhD Stacey M. Rosenfeld, PhD Kathleen D. Vohs, PhD Robert Rosenthal, PhD Kim-Phuong L. Vu, PhD Mark R. Rosenzweig, PhD Leighton C. Whitaker, PhD Preeti Saigal, PhD Richard N. WiUiams, PhD Morgan T. Sammons, PhD Abraham W. Wolf, PhD Julie H. Sandell, PhD Charles E. Wright, PhD Thomas R. Scott, PhD Josef Zihl, PhD Anderson D. Smith, PhD Editorial Consultants Robert F. Bornstein, PhD Claude Conyers George J. Demakis, PhD Douglas E. McNeil Ingrid R. Olson, PhD Thomas F. Shipley, PhD Margaret Sullivan Editorial Assistant (Ainerican Psychological Association) Marian E. Haggard Quick Guide to Format Headword beantyllfT] tfie quality of a stimulus that elicits, Part-of-speech label usually immediately, admiration and pleasure. Beck Anxiety Inventory |(BAI)|a self-report. Abbreviation 21-item measure used to assess the severity of anxiety in adults and to discriminate anxiety from depression. I [Aaron T, Beck (1921-), U.S. Etymology Ipsychiatrist] behavior hierarchy a ranking of possible re sponses based on the relative probabilities of their being elicited, with more probable behav iors ranked higher than less probable behaviors. Alternative name Also called |behavloral hierarchy. | behaviorism n. an approach to psychology,! for- mulated in 1913 by U.S. psychologist John B. Etymology Watson (1878-1958),! based on the study of ob- jective, observable facts rather than subjective, qualitative processes, such as feelings, motives, and consciousness. To make psychology a natu ralistic science, Watson proposed to limit it to quantitative events, such as stimulus-response relationships, effects of conditioning, physiolog ical processes, and a study of human and animal behavior, all of which can best be investigated through laboratory experiments that yield ob jective measures under controlled conditions. Historically, behaviorists held that mind was not a proper topic for scientific study since mental events are subjective and not independently ver ifiable. With its emphasis on activity as an adap tive function, behaviorism is seen as an outgrowth of FUNCT10NALlSM,|See DESCRIPTIVE BEHAVIORISM; METHODOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR ISM; NEOBEHAVIORISM; RADICAL BEHAVIORISM. Cross-references binocular adj. relating to the two eyes. For ex- Hidden entry ample, a!binocular cuefis a cue to the perception of depth or distance that requires the use of both eyes, such as !BINOCULAR DISPARITY] and CON- Cross-reference VERGENCE, Compare MONOCULAR, Sense number body n.rE]the entire physical structure of an or ganism, such as the human body. See also MIND- Sense number BODY PROBLEM.f2J the main part of a structure or organ, such as the body of the penis.!3.!adis- Sense number crete anatomical or cytological structure, such as the MAMMILLARY BODY. Plural form brachium n. (p/.|brachia)! the upper arm, ex tending from the shoulder to the elbow, or a structure that resembles an arm,|—brachial adj. ] Derived word
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