Table Of Content

AP US History A Crash Course Study Guide Copyright © 2015 by Learnerator Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Neither this book nor any portion thereof may be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission. Published in the United States of America. Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l4e  arnerator.com Table of Contents Table of Contents  .................................................................................................................  5   Introduction  ...........................................................................................................................  4   About Us  ...................................................................................................................................  5   Period 1 (1491-1607): Pre-Columbian Native Life  .............................................  6   Spread of Maize Cultivation  ...........................................................................................................................  6   Diversity of Native People  ...............................................................................................................................  6   Algonquin Village Life  .......................................................................................................................................  8   The Wrap Up  ..........................................................................................................................................................  8   Period 1 (1491-1607): European Interactions  ......................................................  9   Impact of European Contact  ..........................................................................................................................  9   Atlantic Slave Trade  ........................................................................................................................................  10   Agricultural Impact of Trade  ......................................................................................................................  12   New World Food  ...............................................................................................................................................  12   World Trade Patterns  .....................................................................................................................................  12   Hernando De Soto  ............................................................................................................................................  13   Christopher Columbus  ...................................................................................................................................  14   Bartolomé de las Casas  ..................................................................................................................................  14   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  15   Period 1 (1491-1607): Consequences of European Contact  .......................  16   Las Casas vs. Sepúlveda  ................................................................................................................................  16   Acoma Indians  ...................................................................................................................................................  17   Brazilian Maroons  ............................................................................................................................................  18   White Over Black  ..............................................................................................................................................  20   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  21   Period 2 (1607-1754): Patterns of Colonization  ..............................................  22   Brief Overview  ....................................................................................................................................................  22   The South  ..............................................................................................................................................................  22   New England  .......................................................................................................................................................  24   Looking Ahead  ...................................................................................................................................................  24   Period 2 (1607-1754): Intercultural Contact and Conflict  .........................  26   Brief Overview  ....................................................................................................................................................  26   Native Relations  ................................................................................................................................................  27   Slavery and Servitude  .....................................................................................................................................  28   Phillis Wheatley  .................................................................................................................................................  29   Runaway Slaves  .................................................................................................................................................  29   White and Black Populations  .....................................................................................................................  30   Native American Conflicts  ...........................................................................................................................  31   Period 2 (1607-1754): Atlantic World Political, Economic, and Cultural Exchanges  .........................................................................................................  33   Brief Overview  ....................................................................................................................................................  33   Colonial Economies  .........................................................................................................................................  34   Conflict of Cultures  ..........................................................................................................................................  35   Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l5e  arnerator.com Period 3 (1754-1800): American Independence and Colonial and British Conflicts  ................................................................................................................  37   General Overview  .............................................................................................................................................  37   Colonial Unity  ....................................................................................................................................................  38   British and Indian Relations  .......................................................................................................................  40   Thomas Paine's Common Sense  ...............................................................................................................  41   American Independence  ...............................................................................................................................  42   Ensuring Independence  ................................................................................................................................  44   Washington’s Farewell Address  ................................................................................................................  46   Impact of French Revolution  ......................................................................................................................  46   European Rivalry  ..............................................................................................................................................  47   American Indian Relations  ..........................................................................................................................  48   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  49   Period 3 (1754-1800): Democratic Ideas and Republican Governments  ....................................................................................................................................................  50   General Overview  .............................................................................................................................................  50   Enlightenment and Religious Fervor  .....................................................................................................  50   Independence Movements  ...........................................................................................................................  52   Critical Period  .....................................................................................................................................................  53   Constitutional Convention  ...........................................................................................................................  54   Early Government  ............................................................................................................................................  55   Revolutionary Changes  ..................................................................................................................................  56   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  57   Period 3 (1754-1800): Internal Migration, Interaction, and Competition  .........................................................................................................................  58   General Overview  .............................................................................................................................................  58   Scots-Irish  ............................................................................................................................................................  58   March of the Paxton Boys  ............................................................................................................................  59   Battle of Fallen Timbers  ................................................................................................................................  59   Frontier vs. Tidewater Virginia  .................................................................................................................  60   Corridos and Vaqueros  .................................................................................................................................  61   Period 4 (1800-1848): Developments in Technology, Agriculture, and Commerce  ............................................................................................................................  63   General Overview  .............................................................................................................................................  63   Expanding the Markets  .................................................................................................................................  63   Factory Workers  ................................................................................................................................................  65   King Cotton and the Slave Trade  ..............................................................................................................  66   Creating a National Economy  ....................................................................................................................  67   Forced Migrations  ............................................................................................................................................  68   Opening the West  .............................................................................................................................................  69   European Migrants  ..........................................................................................................................................  71   The Isolated South  ...........................................................................................................................................  72   Effects of Market Revolution  ......................................................................................................................  73   Regional Politics  ................................................................................................................................................  74   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  74   Period 4 (1800-1848): Mass Democracy, National Culture, and Institutional Reform  ......................................................................................................  76   Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l6e  arnerator.com General Overview  .............................................................................................................................................  76   Debates Over Power and Rights  ...............................................................................................................  76   Supreme Court Decisions  .............................................................................................................................  80   Economic Policies and Concerns  ..............................................................................................................  81   Southern Defense of Slavery  .......................................................................................................................  83   Promoting Reform  ...........................................................................................................................................  84   Fight for Emancipation  .................................................................................................................................  86   New National Culture  .....................................................................................................................................  87   Developing Regional and Counter-Cultures  .......................................................................................  87   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  88   Period 4 (1800-1848): Trade, Expansion, and Isolation  ............................  90   General Overview  .............................................................................................................................................  90   Expanding Westward  .....................................................................................................................................  90   Controlling the Continent  ............................................................................................................................  91   Debates Over Acquired Territories  ..........................................................................................................  93   Federal vs. State Government  ....................................................................................................................  94   Frontier Issues With Native Americans  ................................................................................................  95   An Uneasy Truce Over Slavery  ..................................................................................................................  96   Slavery and Expansion  ...................................................................................................................................  97   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  97   Period 5 (1844-1877): Expansionist Foreign Policy, Migration, and Immigration  ........................................................................................................................  98   General  Overview  ..............................................................................................................................................  98   War  Message  ........................................................................................................................................................  98   Major  Debates  .....................................................................................................................................................  99   American  Progress  .........................................................................................................................................  101   The  US  and  China  ............................................................................................................................................  102   No  Irish  Need  Apply  .......................................................................................................................................  103   Trails  West  .........................................................................................................................................................  104   Sand  Creek  Massacre  .....................................................................................................................................  105   The Wrap Up  ...................................................................................................................................................  106   Period 5 (1844-1877): Divisions and Civil War  ..............................................  107   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  107   White  Slavery  ....................................................................................................................................................  107   Fourth  of  July  ....................................................................................................................................................  108   On  Slavery  ..........................................................................................................................................................  109   New  Territories  ...............................................................................................................................................  110   Freeport  Doctrine  ...........................................................................................................................................  112   Causes  of  Secession  ........................................................................................................................................  112   The Wrap Up  ...................................................................................................................................................  113   Period 5 (1844-1877): Union Victory, Reconstruction, and Civil War Aftermath  ...........................................................................................................................  114   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  114   Year  1860  ...........................................................................................................................................................  114   Lincoln  on  Slavery  ..........................................................................................................................................  116   Civil  War  Battle  ................................................................................................................................................  117   Slavery  by  Another  Name  ............................................................................................................................  118   Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l7e  arnerator.com Reconstruction  .................................................................................................................................................  119   White  Man’s  Government  ............................................................................................................................  120   Black  Reconstruction  ....................................................................................................................................  121   Susan  B.  Anthony  ............................................................................................................................................  122   Social  Changes  ..................................................................................................................................................  123   The Wrap-Up  ..................................................................................................................................................  124   Period 6 (1865-1898): Emergence of Industrial Culture  .........................  125   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  125   New  Immigrants  ..............................................................................................................................................  125   Urban  Social  Divisions  ..................................................................................................................................  126   Americanization  ..............................................................................................................................................  127   Political  Machines  ...........................................................................................................................................  128   Native  American  Discrimination  ..............................................................................................................  130   Clashing  Over  Western  Land  .....................................................................................................................  131   Assimilating  Native  Americans  .................................................................................................................  132   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  133   Period 6 (1865-1898): New Cultural and Intellectual Movements of the Gilded Age  ..........................................................................................................................  134   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  134   Reforming  Government  ................................................................................................................................  134   Racist  and  Nativist  Ideas  ..............................................................................................................................  136   Gospel  of  Wealth  .............................................................................................................................................  137   Social  Gospel  .....................................................................................................................................................  138   Challenging  Their  Place  ................................................................................................................................  139   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  140   Period 6 (1865-1898): Rise of Big Business and Resulting Transformations  .............................................................................................................  141   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  141   Transportation  and  Communication  Systems}  ..................................................................................  141   Controlling  Foreign  Markets  ......................................................................................................................  142   Trusts  and  Monopolies  .................................................................................................................................  144   “Conspicuous  Consumption”  ......................................................................................................................  145   Expanding  Workforce  ...................................................................................................................................  146   Labor  Unions  .....................................................................................................................................................  147   The  New  South  .................................................................................................................................................  149   Extending  Control  Over  Resources  .........................................................................................................  149   Problems  of  Farmers  .....................................................................................................................................  150   Populism  .............................................................................................................................................................  151   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  152   Period 7 (1890-1945): Large-Scale Industrialization, Economic Uncertainty, and Social Changes  ...........................................................................  153   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  153   Gilded  Age  ..........................................................................................................................................................  153   Patent  Medicine  ...............................................................................................................................................  155   Plains  Trouble  ..................................................................................................................................................  156   Industrial  Challenges  .....................................................................................................................................  157   Great  Depression  .............................................................................................................................................  158   Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l8e  arnerator.com The Wrap Up  ...................................................................................................................................................  158   Period 7 (1890-1945): Mass Culture and Cultural Conflicts  ...................  160   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  160   Unemployment  and  Immigration  ............................................................................................................  160   Social  Challenges  .............................................................................................................................................  162   Extending  Power  .............................................................................................................................................  163   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  164   Period 7 (1890-1945): Global Conflicts and Emergence as a World Power  ....................................................................................................................................  165   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  165   Age  of  Empire  ...................................................................................................................................................  165   Mobilization  ......................................................................................................................................................  167   Fight  for  Freedoms  .........................................................................................................................................  168   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  169   Period 8 (1945-1980): Leadership in the Uncertain Postwar Era  .......  170   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  170   Aftermath  of  World  War  II  ..........................................................................................................................  170   Containing  Communism  ...............................................................................................................................  172   Peopling  ..............................................................................................................................................................  174   The  Communist  Menace  ...............................................................................................................................  175   Campus  Tragedy  ..............................................................................................................................................  179   Energy  Crisis  .....................................................................................................................................................  180   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  180   Period 8 (1945-1980): Liberalism and the Role of Government  ..........  182   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  182   The  Great  Society  ............................................................................................................................................  182   Civil  Rights  .........................................................................................................................................................  185   Civil  Liberties  ....................................................................................................................................................  189   Stormy  Seventies  .............................................................................................................................................  191   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  192   Period 8 (1945-1980): Postwar Economic, Demographic, and Technological Changes  ................................................................................................  193   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  193   Cold  War  .............................................................................................................................................................  193   Peopling  and  Labor  ........................................................................................................................................  194   Suburbanization  ..............................................................................................................................................  196   Conservatism  ....................................................................................................................................................  197   Nixon  ....................................................................................................................................................................  198   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  199   Period 9 (1980-Present): Renewed Conservatism in Culture and Politics  ..................................................................................................................................  201   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  201   Carter  to  the  Nation  .......................................................................................................................................  201   Falwell’s  America  ............................................................................................................................................  202   Gingrich  Takes  Charge  ..................................................................................................................................  203   Federal  Expenditures  ....................................................................................................................................  204   Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l9e  arnerator.com The Wrap-Up  ..................................................................................................................................................  205   Period 9 (1980-Present): The End of the Cold War and New Challenges  ..........................................................................................................................  206   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  206   “Mr.  Gorbachev…”  ...........................................................................................................................................  206   Clinton  on  Somalia  ..........................................................................................................................................  207   Bush  Address  the  Nation  .............................................................................................................................  208   A  Call  to  Courage  .............................................................................................................................................  209   The Wrap-Up  ..................................................................................................................................................  209   Period 9 (1980-Present): Continuing Challenges in the 21st Century  211   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  211   Economic  Patterns  .........................................................................................................................................  211   Governor’s  Meet  ..............................................................................................................................................  212   Energy  Consumption  .....................................................................................................................................  213   Technological  Frontier  .................................................................................................................................  213   Most  Populous  States  ....................................................................................................................................  214   Foreign-­‐born  Populations  ...........................................................................................................................  215   DOMA  ...................................................................................................................................................................  215   The Wrap-Up  ..................................................................................................................................................  216   Sign up for Learnerator AP US History Prep!  ................................................  217   Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@1le0a  rnerator.com 4       Introduction Thank you for downloading, AP US History: A Crash Course Study Guide. These posts are a compilation from our site, where we provide hundreds of practice questions and review to know for a variety of AP exams, including AP English Language. You can check out more pointers, including our Ultimate List of AP US History Tips, at our blog. We hope you find this short collection helpful in your preparation for AP US History! -The Learnerator Team E-mail us at [email protected] if you have any questions, comments, or suggestions. Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l4e  arnerator.com 5       About Us Learnerator bridges the gap between learning and mastery by curating high quality practice materials for a variety of difficult academic subject areas. Our online test prep offers: • Over 700 AP US History practice questions • Detailed personalized statistics based on your performance • A competitive online leaderboard to see how you stand compared to others • Convenience with anytime access from an Internet-enabled device Visit us at http://www.learnerator.com/ap-us-history Use SUPREME at checkout for 10% off AP US History Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l5e  arnerator.com 6       Period 1 (1491-1607): Pre-Columbian Native Life Although the majority of the AP US history test will focus on the formation and development of the United States, it is important that you know a little bit about life in the Americas before Europeans came to the continents, or the “Pre- Columbian Period.” An estimated 54 Million people lived in the geographic areas later referred to as the Americas by the time that Christopher Columbus landed in Hispanola in 1492. These Native People had complex societies that would take years of study to understand fully, but, luckily, you will only need to know a fraction of this history for the AP test. In the rest of this post I will go over the most important of these: Spread of Maize Cultivation, the Diversity of Native Cultures, and the particularities of Algonquin life. Spread of Maize Cultivation Maize, or corn, served as the staple crop for many Native American tribes. For the AP test, it is important that you understand just how crucial Maize was to the agricultural development of various Native American societies. Originally grown and cultivated in the Southern area of what is now Mexico, by 1200 Maize spread to the Southwest part of the United States, where it transformed the Pueblos from a hunter-gatherer society into an agricultural based society. This distinction is an important one, and one that I will go over more in the next section. After the introduction of Maize, many Native Americans moved away from the roaming hunting and gathering type of society into permanent settlements where they constructed elaborate irrigation techniques to grow maize and other such crops. Why this is Important Now that they did not have to worry as much about the daily struggle of finding food, Native Americans had the time to develop more sophisticated agricultural techniques and infrastructure. This is the most important thing you should know about maize going into the test. In order to get a better sense of how far New World Maize spread, check out our sample questions here. Diversity of Native People While some societies, like the previously mentioned Pueblo people, settled into large established communities, a large number of Native Tribes continued to live in mobile communities that were reliant on hunting and gathering. For the test, you should know that these were the two general models for Native Americans in Pre-Columbian America. For the most part, we can separate these two styles of Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l6e  arnerator.com

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AP US History A Crash Course Study Guide Copyright © 2015 by Learnerator Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Neither this book nor any portion thereof may be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission. Published in the United States of America. Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l4e  arnerator.com Table of Contents Table of Contents  .................................................................................................................  5   Introduction  ...........................................................................................................................  4   About Us  ...................................................................................................................................  5   Period 1 (1491-1607): Pre-Columbian Native Life  .............................................  6   Spread of Maize Cultivation  ...........................................................................................................................  6   Diversity of Native People  ...............................................................................................................................  6   Algonquin Village Life  .......................................................................................................................................  8   The Wrap Up  ..........................................................................................................................................................  8   Period 1 (1491-1607): European Interactions  ......................................................  9   Impact of European Contact  ..........................................................................................................................  9   Atlantic Slave Trade  ........................................................................................................................................  10   Agricultural Impact of Trade  ......................................................................................................................  12   New World Food  ...............................................................................................................................................  12   World Trade Patterns  .....................................................................................................................................  12   Hernando De Soto  ............................................................................................................................................  13   Christopher Columbus  ...................................................................................................................................  14   Bartolomé de las Casas  ..................................................................................................................................  14   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  15   Period 1 (1491-1607): Consequences of European Contact  .......................  16   Las Casas vs. Sepúlveda  ................................................................................................................................  16   Acoma Indians  ...................................................................................................................................................  17   Brazilian Maroons  ............................................................................................................................................  18   White Over Black  ..............................................................................................................................................  20   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  21   Period 2 (1607-1754): Patterns of Colonization  ..............................................  22   Brief Overview  ....................................................................................................................................................  22   The South  ..............................................................................................................................................................  22   New England  .......................................................................................................................................................  24   Looking Ahead  ...................................................................................................................................................  24   Period 2 (1607-1754): Intercultural Contact and Conflict  .........................  26   Brief Overview  ....................................................................................................................................................  26   Native Relations  ................................................................................................................................................  27   Slavery and Servitude  .....................................................................................................................................  28   Phillis Wheatley  .................................................................................................................................................  29   Runaway Slaves  .................................................................................................................................................  29   White and Black Populations  .....................................................................................................................  30   Native American Conflicts  ...........................................................................................................................  31   Period 2 (1607-1754): Atlantic World Political, Economic, and Cultural Exchanges  .........................................................................................................  33   Brief Overview  ....................................................................................................................................................  33   Colonial Economies  .........................................................................................................................................  34   Conflict of Cultures  ..........................................................................................................................................  35   Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l5e  arnerator.com Period 3 (1754-1800): American Independence and Colonial and British Conflicts  ................................................................................................................  37   General Overview  .............................................................................................................................................  37   Colonial Unity  ....................................................................................................................................................  38   British and Indian Relations  .......................................................................................................................  40   Thomas Paine's Common Sense  ...............................................................................................................  41   American Independence  ...............................................................................................................................  42   Ensuring Independence  ................................................................................................................................  44   Washington’s Farewell Address  ................................................................................................................  46   Impact of French Revolution  ......................................................................................................................  46   European Rivalry  ..............................................................................................................................................  47   American Indian Relations  ..........................................................................................................................  48   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  49   Period 3 (1754-1800): Democratic Ideas and Republican Governments  ....................................................................................................................................................  50   General Overview  .............................................................................................................................................  50   Enlightenment and Religious Fervor  .....................................................................................................  50   Independence Movements  ...........................................................................................................................  52   Critical Period  .....................................................................................................................................................  53   Constitutional Convention  ...........................................................................................................................  54   Early Government  ............................................................................................................................................  55   Revolutionary Changes  ..................................................................................................................................  56   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  57   Period 3 (1754-1800): Internal Migration, Interaction, and Competition  .........................................................................................................................  58   General Overview  .............................................................................................................................................  58   Scots-Irish  ............................................................................................................................................................  58   March of the Paxton Boys  ............................................................................................................................  59   Battle of Fallen Timbers  ................................................................................................................................  59   Frontier vs. Tidewater Virginia  .................................................................................................................  60   Corridos and Vaqueros  .................................................................................................................................  61   Period 4 (1800-1848): Developments in Technology, Agriculture, and Commerce  ............................................................................................................................  63   General Overview  .............................................................................................................................................  63   Expanding the Markets  .................................................................................................................................  63   Factory Workers  ................................................................................................................................................  65   King Cotton and the Slave Trade  ..............................................................................................................  66   Creating a National Economy  ....................................................................................................................  67   Forced Migrations  ............................................................................................................................................  68   Opening the West  .............................................................................................................................................  69   European Migrants  ..........................................................................................................................................  71   The Isolated South  ...........................................................................................................................................  72   Effects of Market Revolution  ......................................................................................................................  73   Regional Politics  ................................................................................................................................................  74   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  74   Period 4 (1800-1848): Mass Democracy, National Culture, and Institutional Reform  ......................................................................................................  76   Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l6e  arnerator.com General Overview  .............................................................................................................................................  76   Debates Over Power and Rights  ...............................................................................................................  76   Supreme Court Decisions  .............................................................................................................................  80   Economic Policies and Concerns  ..............................................................................................................  81   Southern Defense of Slavery  .......................................................................................................................  83   Promoting Reform  ...........................................................................................................................................  84   Fight for Emancipation  .................................................................................................................................  86   New National Culture  .....................................................................................................................................  87   Developing Regional and Counter-Cultures  .......................................................................................  87   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  88   Period 4 (1800-1848): Trade, Expansion, and Isolation  ............................  90   General Overview  .............................................................................................................................................  90   Expanding Westward  .....................................................................................................................................  90   Controlling the Continent  ............................................................................................................................  91   Debates Over Acquired Territories  ..........................................................................................................  93   Federal vs. State Government  ....................................................................................................................  94   Frontier Issues With Native Americans  ................................................................................................  95   An Uneasy Truce Over Slavery  ..................................................................................................................  96   Slavery and Expansion  ...................................................................................................................................  97   The Wrap Up  .......................................................................................................................................................  97   Period 5 (1844-1877): Expansionist Foreign Policy, Migration, and Immigration  ........................................................................................................................  98   General  Overview  ..............................................................................................................................................  98   War  Message  ........................................................................................................................................................  98   Major  Debates  .....................................................................................................................................................  99   American  Progress  .........................................................................................................................................  101   The  US  and  China  ............................................................................................................................................  102   No  Irish  Need  Apply  .......................................................................................................................................  103   Trails  West  .........................................................................................................................................................  104   Sand  Creek  Massacre  .....................................................................................................................................  105   The Wrap Up  ...................................................................................................................................................  106   Period 5 (1844-1877): Divisions and Civil War  ..............................................  107   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  107   White  Slavery  ....................................................................................................................................................  107   Fourth  of  July  ....................................................................................................................................................  108   On  Slavery  ..........................................................................................................................................................  109   New  Territories  ...............................................................................................................................................  110   Freeport  Doctrine  ...........................................................................................................................................  112   Causes  of  Secession  ........................................................................................................................................  112   The Wrap Up  ...................................................................................................................................................  113   Period 5 (1844-1877): Union Victory, Reconstruction, and Civil War Aftermath  ...........................................................................................................................  114   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  114   Year  1860  ...........................................................................................................................................................  114   Lincoln  on  Slavery  ..........................................................................................................................................  116   Civil  War  Battle  ................................................................................................................................................  117   Slavery  by  Another  Name  ............................................................................................................................  118   Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l7e  arnerator.com Reconstruction  .................................................................................................................................................  119   White  Man’s  Government  ............................................................................................................................  120   Black  Reconstruction  ....................................................................................................................................  121   Susan  B.  Anthony  ............................................................................................................................................  122   Social  Changes  ..................................................................................................................................................  123   The Wrap-Up  ..................................................................................................................................................  124   Period 6 (1865-1898): Emergence of Industrial Culture  .........................  125   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  125   New  Immigrants  ..............................................................................................................................................  125   Urban  Social  Divisions  ..................................................................................................................................  126   Americanization  ..............................................................................................................................................  127   Political  Machines  ...........................................................................................................................................  128   Native  American  Discrimination  ..............................................................................................................  130   Clashing  Over  Western  Land  .....................................................................................................................  131   Assimilating  Native  Americans  .................................................................................................................  132   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  133   Period 6 (1865-1898): New Cultural and Intellectual Movements of the Gilded Age  ..........................................................................................................................  134   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  134   Reforming  Government  ................................................................................................................................  134   Racist  and  Nativist  Ideas  ..............................................................................................................................  136   Gospel  of  Wealth  .............................................................................................................................................  137   Social  Gospel  .....................................................................................................................................................  138   Challenging  Their  Place  ................................................................................................................................  139   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  140   Period 6 (1865-1898): Rise of Big Business and Resulting Transformations  .............................................................................................................  141   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  141   Transportation  and  Communication  Systems}  ..................................................................................  141   Controlling  Foreign  Markets  ......................................................................................................................  142   Trusts  and  Monopolies  .................................................................................................................................  144   “Conspicuous  Consumption”  ......................................................................................................................  145   Expanding  Workforce  ...................................................................................................................................  146   Labor  Unions  .....................................................................................................................................................  147   The  New  South  .................................................................................................................................................  149   Extending  Control  Over  Resources  .........................................................................................................  149   Problems  of  Farmers  .....................................................................................................................................  150   Populism  .............................................................................................................................................................  151   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  152   Period 7 (1890-1945): Large-Scale Industrialization, Economic Uncertainty, and Social Changes  ...........................................................................  153   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  153   Gilded  Age  ..........................................................................................................................................................  153   Patent  Medicine  ...............................................................................................................................................  155   Plains  Trouble  ..................................................................................................................................................  156   Industrial  Challenges  .....................................................................................................................................  157   Great  Depression  .............................................................................................................................................  158   Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l8e  arnerator.com The Wrap Up  ...................................................................................................................................................  158   Period 7 (1890-1945): Mass Culture and Cultural Conflicts  ...................  160   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  160   Unemployment  and  Immigration  ............................................................................................................  160   Social  Challenges  .............................................................................................................................................  162   Extending  Power  .............................................................................................................................................  163   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  164   Period 7 (1890-1945): Global Conflicts and Emergence as a World Power  ....................................................................................................................................  165   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  165   Age  of  Empire  ...................................................................................................................................................  165   Mobilization  ......................................................................................................................................................  167   Fight  for  Freedoms  .........................................................................................................................................  168   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  169   Period 8 (1945-1980): Leadership in the Uncertain Postwar Era  .......  170   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  170   Aftermath  of  World  War  II  ..........................................................................................................................  170   Containing  Communism  ...............................................................................................................................  172   Peopling  ..............................................................................................................................................................  174   The  Communist  Menace  ...............................................................................................................................  175   Campus  Tragedy  ..............................................................................................................................................  179   Energy  Crisis  .....................................................................................................................................................  180   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  180   Period 8 (1945-1980): Liberalism and the Role of Government  ..........  182   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  182   The  Great  Society  ............................................................................................................................................  182   Civil  Rights  .........................................................................................................................................................  185   Civil  Liberties  ....................................................................................................................................................  189   Stormy  Seventies  .............................................................................................................................................  191   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  192   Period 8 (1945-1980): Postwar Economic, Demographic, and Technological Changes  ................................................................................................  193   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  193   Cold  War  .............................................................................................................................................................  193   Peopling  and  Labor  ........................................................................................................................................  194   Suburbanization  ..............................................................................................................................................  196   Conservatism  ....................................................................................................................................................  197   Nixon  ....................................................................................................................................................................  198   The  Wrap  Up  .....................................................................................................................................................  199   Period 9 (1980-Present): Renewed Conservatism in Culture and Politics  ..................................................................................................................................  201   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  201   Carter  to  the  Nation  .......................................................................................................................................  201   Falwell’s  America  ............................................................................................................................................  202   Gingrich  Takes  Charge  ..................................................................................................................................  203   Federal  Expenditures  ....................................................................................................................................  204   Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l9e  arnerator.com The Wrap-Up  ..................................................................................................................................................  205   Period 9 (1980-Present): The End of the Cold War and New Challenges  ..........................................................................................................................  206   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  206   “Mr.  Gorbachev…”  ...........................................................................................................................................  206   Clinton  on  Somalia  ..........................................................................................................................................  207   Bush  Address  the  Nation  .............................................................................................................................  208   A  Call  to  Courage  .............................................................................................................................................  209   The Wrap-Up  ..................................................................................................................................................  209   Period 9 (1980-Present): Continuing Challenges in the 21st Century  211   General  Overview  ...........................................................................................................................................  211   Economic  Patterns  .........................................................................................................................................  211   Governor’s  Meet  ..............................................................................................................................................  212   Energy  Consumption  .....................................................................................................................................  213   Technological  Frontier  .................................................................................................................................  213   Most  Populous  States  ....................................................................................................................................  214   Foreign-­‐born  Populations  ...........................................................................................................................  215   DOMA  ...................................................................................................................................................................  215   The Wrap-Up  ..................................................................................................................................................  216   Sign up for Learnerator AP US History Prep!  ................................................  217   Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@1le0a  rnerator.com 4       Introduction Thank you for downloading, AP US History: A Crash Course Study Guide. These posts are a compilation from our site, where we provide hundreds of practice questions and review to know for a variety of AP exams, including AP English Language. You can check out more pointers, including our Ultimate List of AP US History Tips, at our blog. We hope you find this short collection helpful in your preparation for AP US History! -The Learnerator Team E-mail us at [email protected] if you have any questions, comments, or suggestions. Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l4e  arnerator.com 5       About Us Learnerator bridges the gap between learning and mastery by curating high quality practice materials for a variety of difficult academic subject areas. Our online test prep offers: • Over 700 AP US History practice questions • Detailed personalized statistics based on your performance • A competitive online leaderboard to see how you stand compared to others • Convenience with anytime access from an Internet-enabled device Visit us at http://www.learnerator.com/ap-us-history Use SUPREME at checkout for 10% off AP US History Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l5e  arnerator.com 6       Period 1 (1491-1607): Pre-Columbian Native Life Although the majority of the AP US history test will focus on the formation and development of the United States, it is important that you know a little bit about life in the Americas before Europeans came to the continents, or the “Pre- Columbian Period.” An estimated 54 Million people lived in the geographic areas later referred to as the Americas by the time that Christopher Columbus landed in Hispanola in 1492. These Native People had complex societies that would take years of study to understand fully, but, luckily, you will only need to know a fraction of this history for the AP test. In the rest of this post I will go over the most important of these: Spread of Maize Cultivation, the Diversity of Native Cultures, and the particularities of Algonquin life. Spread of Maize Cultivation Maize, or corn, served as the staple crop for many Native American tribes. For the AP test, it is important that you understand just how crucial Maize was to the agricultural development of various Native American societies. Originally grown and cultivated in the Southern area of what is now Mexico, by 1200 Maize spread to the Southwest part of the United States, where it transformed the Pueblos from a hunter-gatherer society into an agricultural based society. This distinction is an important one, and one that I will go over more in the next section. After the introduction of Maize, many Native Americans moved away from the roaming hunting and gathering type of society into permanent settlements where they constructed elaborate irrigation techniques to grow maize and other such crops. Why this is Important Now that they did not have to worry as much about the daily struggle of finding food, Native Americans had the time to develop more sophisticated agricultural techniques and infrastructure. This is the most important thing you should know about maize going into the test. In order to get a better sense of how far New World Maize spread, check out our sample questions here. Diversity of Native People While some societies, like the previously mentioned Pueblo people, settled into large established communities, a large number of Native Tribes continued to live in mobile communities that were reliant on hunting and gathering. For the test, you should know that these were the two general models for Native Americans in Pre-Columbian America. For the most part, we can separate these two styles of Interested    in  a  school  license?  E-­‐mail  us  at  schools@l6e  arnerator.com

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Thank you for downloading, AP US History: A Crash Course Study Guide. These posts are a compilation E-mail us at [email protected] if you have any questions, comments, or suggestions. a direct result, because they now have more output to sell to the other European nations without any
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