AP U. S. History

450 Pages·2003·2.4 MB·English

by  Stephen Armstrong

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McGRAW-HILL
5 Steps to a 5
AP U.S. History
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AP U.S. Government and Politics
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McGRAW-HILL
5 Steps to a 5
AP U.S. History
Stephen Armstrong
Diagnostic and Practice Exams by
Edward McBride
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Contents
Preface / xiii
PART I HOW TO USE THIS BOOK / 1
Chapter 1 The Five-Step Program / 3
Before We Begin / 3
Introduction to the Five-Step Program / 5
Graphics Used in This Book / 6
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP U.S. History Exam / 7
Calendars for Preparing for the AP U.S. History Exam / 9
Rapid Review / 13
PART II WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT
THE AP U.S. HISTORY EXAM / 15
Chapter 2 Introduction to the AP U.S. History Exam / 17
Background Information / 17
The AP U.S. History Examination / 18
Taking the Exam / 23
Getting Started: The Diagnostic/Master Exam / 24
Answers to Diagnostic/Master Exam / 42
PART III A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
OF UNITED STATES HISTORY / 61
Chapter 3 The Settling of the Western Hemisphere and Colonial
America (1450–1650) / 63
Native Americans and European Exploration / 63
A Bringing Together of Three Peoples by the Spanish / 64
The French in Canada / 64
The English in the Americas / 65
Effects of English, French, and British Settlement / 68
Chapter Review / 68
v
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vi • Contents
Chapter 4 The British Empire in America: Growth and Conflict
(1650–1750) / 71
The Impact of Mercantilism / 71
African Slavery in the Americas / 72
Continued Unrest in New England / 73
The Salem Witch Trials / 74
Wars in Europe and Their Impact on the Colonies / 74
The Growth of the Colonial Assemblies / 75
The Era of “Salutary Neglect” / 75
The Great Awakening / 76
Chapter Review / 76
Chapter 5 Resistance, Rebellion, and Revolution
(1750–1775) / 79
Problems on the Frontier / 79
Additional Conflicts Between the British and
Their Colonial “Allies” / 80
The Policies of George Grenville / 80
A Sense of Crisis: The Stamp Act / 81
More Protest: The Townshend Acts / 82
Continued Tensions in Massachusetts / 83
The Calm Before the Storm: 1700–1773 / 83
The Boston Tea Party / 83
The Intolerable Acts / 84
The First Continental Congress / 84
Chapter Review / 85
Chapter 6 The American Revolution and the New Nation
(1775–1787) / 88
The American Revolution / 88
The Second Continental Congress / 89
The Declaration of Independence / 89
The Outbreak of the Revolution: Divisions in the Colonies / 90
Strategies of the American Revolution / 90
Washington as Commander / 91
The War Moves to the South / 92
The Treaty of Paris / 93
The Establishment of Governmental Structures
in the New Nation / 93
The Articles of Confederation / 93
The Northwest Ordinances / 94
Shays’ Rebellion / 95
Chapter Review / 95
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Contents • vii
Chapter 7 The Establishment of New Political Systems
(1787–1800) / 98
Desires for a Stronger Central Government / 98
Government Under the New Constitution / 99
The Issue of Slavery / 99
Ratification of the Constitution / 100
The Presidency of George Washington / 100
The Bill of Rights / 100
Competing Visions: Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson / 101
The French Revolution / 102
Foreign Policy and Jay’s Treaty / 102
Washington’s Farewell Address / 103
The Presidency of John Adams / 103
The Alien and Sedition Acts / 104
Chapter Review / 104
Chapter 8 The Jeffersonian Revolution (1800–1820) / 107
The Election of 1800 / 107
Reform of the Courts / 108
Westward Expansion / 108
Political Tensions and the Strange Case of Aaron Burr / 110
European Wars Spill Over to America (Again) / 110
The War of 1812 / 111
The American System / 113
The Missouri Compromise / 113
Chapter Review / 113
Chapter 9 The Rise of Manufacturing and the Age of Jackson
(1820–1845) / 116
The Growth of the Factory / 116
The Monroe Doctrine / 117
Policy Toward Native Americans / 117
The Second Great Awakening / 118
Political Reform: The Jacksonian Era (1829–1841) / 119
The Election of 1824 / 119
The 1828 Presidential Election / 120
Jackson as President / 120
The Nullification Controversy / 121
The Bank Crisis / 121
The Whig Party: A Challenge to the Democratic-Republicans / 122
Chapter Review / 122
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viii • Contents
Chapter 10 The Union Expanded and Challenged
(1835–1860) / 125
The Ideology of Manifest Destiny / 125
“Remember the Alamo!” / 126
The Pivotal Election of 1844 / 127
War with Mexico / 127
Political Challenges of the 1850s / 129
Effects of the Compromise of 1850 / 130
The Presidency of Franklin Pierce / 130
The Return of Sectional Conflict / 131
“Bleeding Kansas”: Slave or Free? / 131
The Dred Scott Decision / 132
The Lincoln–Douglas Debates / 132
John Brown’s Raid / 133
The Presidential Election of 1860 / 133
Chapter Review / 134
Chapter 11 The Union Divided: The Civil War
(1861–1865) / 137
Advantages of the North and South in War / 138
The Attack on Fort Sumter and the Beginning of War / 139
War Aims and Strategies / 139
Developments in the South and in the North / 141
The Emancipation Proclamation / 142
1863: The War Tips to the North / 143
War Weariness in the North and South / 143
The End of the Confederacy / 144
Chapter Review / 144
Chapter 12 The Era of Reconstruction (1865–1877) / 147
Lincoln’s Plans for Reconstruction / 147
Andrew Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction / 148
The Reconstruction of the Radical Republicans / 149
A Period of Radical Reconstruction / 150
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson / 150
Radical Reconstruction Reinforced / 151
The End of Reconstruction / 151
Chapter Review / 152
Chapter 13 Western Expansion and Its Impact on the American
Character (1860–1895) / 156
Federal Legislation Encourages Western Settlement / 156
Farming on the Great Plains / 157
The Transformation of Agriculture on the Plains / 157
Women and Minorities on the Plains / 158