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AP Success - European History (Peterson's Ap European History) PDF

288 Pages·2006·3.59 MB·English
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Peterson’s AP European History Nathan Barber About Thomson Peterson’s Thomson Peterson’s (www.petersons.com) is a leading provider of education information and advice, with books and online resources focusing on education search, test preparation, and financial aid. Its Web site offers searchable databases and interactive tools for contacting educational institutions, online practice tests and instruction, and planning tools for securing financial aid. Thomson Peterson’s serves 110 million education consumers annually. For more information, contact Thomson Peterson’s, 2000 Lenox Drive, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648; 800-338-3282; or find us on the World Wide Web at: www.petersons.com/about © 2006 Thomson Peterson’s, a part of the Thomson Corporation Thomson Learning TM is a trademark used herein under license. Previously published as Peterson’s AP Success: European History Images: Copyright © CORBIS Editor: Wallie Walker-Hammond; Production Editor: Teresina Jonkoski; Composition Manager: Michele Able; Manufacturing Manager: Ivona Skibicki ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage and retrieval systems—without the prior written permis- sion of the publisher. For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to [email protected] ISBN 0-7689-2229-1 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 07 06 05 First Edition Petersons.com/publishing Check out our Web site at www.petersons.com/publishing to see if there is any new information regarding the rest and any revisions or corrections to the content of this book. We’ve made sure the information in this book is accurate and up-to-date; however, the test format or content may have changed since the time of publication. OTHER RECOMMENDED TITLES Peterson’s AP Calculus AB & BC Peterson’s AP Chemistry Peterson’s AP English Language & Composition Peterson’s AP English Literature & Composition Peterson’s AP U.S. Government & Politics Peterson’s AP U.S. History Peterson’s AP World History CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................1 10 Facts About the AP European History Test.......................................1 Practice Plan for Studying for the AP European History Test.................4 The Panic Plan.......................................................................................6 Scoring High on the AP European History Test.....................................7 Suggested Readings ................................................................................9 PART I: AP EUROPEAN HISTORY TEST BASICS Chapter 1: About the AP European History Test..........................13 The Multiple-Choice Section...............................................................13 Scoring the Multiple-Choice Section....................................................20 Guessing on the Multiple-Choice Section ............................................21 Hints and Strategies for Mastering the Multiple-Choice Section..........22 The Free-Response Section...................................................................22 Organization of Your Thoughts ...........................................................23 Part A: The DBQ.................................................................................25 Hints and Strategies for Mastering the DBQ .......................................38 Practice DBQ ......................................................................................39 Part B: The Thematic Essays ................................................................41 Hints and Strategies for Mastering the Thematic Essays.......................44 PART II: DIAGNOSING STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES Practice Test 1: Diagnostic ..........................................................49 Section I...............................................................................................51 Section II .............................................................................................66 Answer Key and Explanations ..............................................................74 Self-Evaluation Rubric for the Advanced Placement Essays ..................87 PART III: AP EUROPEAN HISTORY REVIEW Chapter 2: The Renaissance (c.1350–c.1550)..............................91 Overview .............................................................................................91 The Italian Renaissance ........................................................................92 The Northern Renaissance ...................................................................95 Renaissance Art ....................................................................................95 The New Monarchies ..........................................................................96 v CONTENTS The Major Players................................................................................97 Chronology of the Renaissance ..........................................................102 Sample Essay Questions.....................................................................104 Chapter 3: The Reformation (1517–1648) ................................105 Overview ...........................................................................................105 Historical Background .......................................................................105 Martin Luther....................................................................................106 Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin.........................................................107 The English Reformation...................................................................108 The Catholic Reformation.................................................................109 Results of the Reformation ................................................................109 Wars of Religion ................................................................................110 Theology of the Reformation ............................................................112 The Major Players..............................................................................114 Chronology of the Reformation ........................................................117 Sample Essay Questions.....................................................................119 Chapter 4: The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism .....................................................................121 Overview ...........................................................................................121 European Expansion ..........................................................................122 The Rise of Absolutism in France ......................................................123 The Rise of Absolutism in the East....................................................125 The Rise of Constitutionalism in England .........................................125 The Golden Age and Decline of Spain...............................................127 The Major Players..............................................................................127 Chronology of the Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism..............................................................................130 Sample Essay Questions.....................................................................133 Chapter 5: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.....135 Overview ...........................................................................................135 The Scientific Revolution ..................................................................136 The Enlightenment............................................................................138 Effects of the Enlightenment..............................................................140 The Major Players..............................................................................141 Chronology of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.......145 Sample Essay Questions.....................................................................147 www.petersons.com vi CONTENTS Chapter 6: The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era (1789–1815) ............................................................................149 Overview ...........................................................................................149 Background of the Revolution in France............................................149 The Estates-General ...........................................................................150 The First, or Moderate, Stage of the Revolution................................152 The Second, or Radical, Stage of the Revolution................................153 The Third, or Reactionary, Stage of the Revolution ...........................155 The Napoleonic Era...........................................................................155 The Major Players..............................................................................158 Chronology of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era..........162 Sample Essay Questions.....................................................................165 Chapter 7: The Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions ............167 Overview ...........................................................................................167 The Agricultural Revolution ..............................................................167 The Population Explosion .................................................................169 Protoindustrialization ........................................................................170 The Industrial Revolution..................................................................171 Consequences of the Industrial Revolution ........................................172 The Major Players..............................................................................174 Chronology of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions................176 Sample Essay Questions.....................................................................178 Chapter 8: Europe from 1815–1900 .........................................179 Overview ...........................................................................................179 New Ideologies..................................................................................179 The Age of Metternich (1815–1848).................................................181 The Revolutions of 1848...................................................................183 The Crimean War (1854–1856) ........................................................184 The Unification of Italy.....................................................................185 The Unification of Germany..............................................................185 England from 1848–1900 .................................................................186 France from 1848–1900....................................................................187 Russia from 1848–1900 ....................................................................188 Imperialism........................................................................................188 Nineteenth-Century Culture..............................................................189 The Major Players..............................................................................190 Chronology of Europe from 1815–1900...........................................193 Sample Essay Questions.....................................................................195 vii www.petersons.com CONTENTS Chapter 9: Europe in the Twentieth Century and Beyond .........197 Overview ...........................................................................................197 The Russian Revolution of 1905 .......................................................198 The Causes and Outbreak of World War I (1914–1918)...................198 The War.............................................................................................201 The Treaty of Versailles ......................................................................202 The Impact of the War ......................................................................203 The Russian Revolution.....................................................................204 The Rise of Stalin ..............................................................................205 The Great Depression ........................................................................206 Fascism in Italy and Germany ............................................................207 The Causes and Outbreak of World War II (1939–1945)..................209 The Holocaust...................................................................................211 Impact of the War..............................................................................211 The Cold War and Communism After World War II........................212 The End of Colonization and Imperialism.........................................214 Economic Recovery After World War II.............................................214 Contemporary Europe .......................................................................215 The Major Players..............................................................................216 Chronology of Europe in the Twentieth Century...............................221 Sample Essay Questions.....................................................................223 PART IV: PRACTICE TEST Practice Test 2 ..........................................................................227 Section I.............................................................................................229 Section II ...........................................................................................245 Answer Key and Explanations ............................................................254 Self-Evaluation Rubric for the Advanced Placement Essays ................266 PART V: APPENDIX Appendix: Enrichment Resources..............................................271 Internet Resources..............................................................................271 Historical Movies...............................................................................272 www.petersons.com viii Introduction 10 FACTS ABOUT THE AP EUROPEAN HISTORY TEST 1. T A P (AP) P HE DVANCED LACEMENT ROGRAM GIVES HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AN OPPORTUNITY TO . RECEIVE COLLEGE CREDIT Students who take AP exams in any one or more of twenty subject areas gain college-level skills and can earn college credit or advanced placement. In 2002, more than 900,000 students took AP exams. 2. M 2,900 . ORE THAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES PARTICIPATE The College Board does not award college credit for the AP exams. You need to find out from the colleges to which you are applying whether they grant credit and/or use AP scores for placement. 3. T AP E H T M F K R S . HE UROPEAN ISTORY EST EASURES ACTUAL NOWLEDGE AND A ANGE OF KILLS According to the College Board, the AP European History Test measures factual knowledge of the following: • Knowledge of the basic chronology of major events from approxi- mately 1450 to the present • Knowledge of the basic chronology of the major trends from approxi- mately 1450 to the present • Knowledge of some of the basic themes in modern European history including intellectual and cultural history, political and diplomatic his- tory, and social and economic history Additionally, the AP European History Test measures the following skills: • The ability to analyze historical evidence • The ability to express historical understanding in writing 1 INTRODUCTION 4. T AP E H T H T S : M C T -P HE UROPEAN ISTORY EST AS WO ECTIONS ULTIPLE HOICE AND A WO ART F R S . REE ESPONSE ECTION The total test is 3 hours and 5 minutes. Section I contains 80 multiple- choice questions. You will have 55 minutes to complete Section I. The mul- tiple-choice questions count as 50 percent of your total score. Section II includes two Free Response essay sections. The first essay section contains the DBQ, or Document Based Question. The DBQ will require you to use a number of historical documents to compose an essay. The second section contains two groups of essay questions, each group with three questions. You may choose . one question from each of the two groups. Section II counts as 50 percent of your total score. 5. T AP E H T C T A T M E HE UROPEAN ISTORY EST OVERS HREE REAS OR HEMES OF ODERN UROPEAN H . ISTORY The AP European History Test covers three main areas or themes of Euro- pean history spanning the last six centuries. The three main areas are Intellec- tual and Cultural History, Political and Diplomatic History, and Social and Economic History. These areas can be broken down into six smaller areas: • Intellectual History, which includes religious thought, changes in edu- cation and literacy, scientific and technological advances, and changes in social, economic, and political thought. • Cultural History, which includes changes in elite and popular culture, changes in the family, changes in work, changes in ritual, changes in the arts, and overall changes in European culture. • Political History, which includes the growth of nationalism, the rise of the nation state, the evolution of political parties, the extension of rights, and reforms, rebellions, and revolutions. • Diplomatic History, which includes foreign policy, the use of treaties, the origins and resolutions of armed conflicts, efforts to avoid armed conflicts, colonization, imperialism, and decolonization. • Social History, which includes the growth and development of social classes, racial groups and ethnic groups, gender roles, family structure, and the influence of such things as urbanization, diet, health, sanita- tion, and disease on society. • Economic History, which includes economic activity of states and of individuals, the development of commercial practices, industrializa- tion and competition, and the development and implementation of economic theories such as capitalism, socialism, and communism. www.petersons.com 2

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