AP Psychology

352 Pages·2011·3.19 MB·English

5
5 STEPS TO A
AP Psycholog y
2010–2011
Laura Lincoln Maitland, M.A., M.S.
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CONTENTS
Preface, vii
About the Author, viii
Introduction: The 5-Step Program, ix
Set Up Your Study Plan
STEP 1
1 What You Need to Know About the AP Psychology Exam, 3
2 How to Plan Your Time, 9
Determine Your Test Readiness
STEP 2
3 Take a Diagnostic Exam, 17
Diagnostic Exam in AP Psychology, 18
Develop Strategies for Success
STEP 3
4 How to Approach Each Question Type, 37
Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions, 37
Section II: The Free-Response Questions, 39
Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
STEP 4
5 History and Approaches, 43
Roots of Psychology, 44
Schools of Psychology, 44
Principal Approaches to Psychology, 45
Domains of Psychology, 46
6 Research Methods, 51
Experimental Method, 52
Correlational Research, 54
Case Study, 55
Elementary Statistics, 55
Ethical Guidelines, 59
7 Biological Bases of Behavior, 65
Techniques to Learn About Structure and Function, 66
Organization of Your Nervous System, 67
Localization and Lateralization of the Brain’s Function, 68
Structure and Function of the Neuron, 70
The Endocrine System, 73
Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology, 74
Genetics and Behavior, 74
8 Sensation and Perception, 84
Thresholds, 85
Vision, 86
Hearing (Audition), 88
Touch (Somatosensation), 90
Body Senses, 91
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iv " Contents
Chemical Senses, 91
Perceptual Processes, 91
9 States of Consciousness, 102
Levels of Consciousness, 103
Sleep and Dreams, 103
Hypnosis, 106
Meditation, 106
Drugs, 107
10 Learning, 113
Classical Conditioning, 114
Operant Conditioning, 116
Superstitious Behavior, 119
Cognitive Processes in Learning, 120
Biological Factors in Learning, 121
11 Cognition, 127
Models of Memory, 128
Language, 134
Thinking, 135
12 Motivation and Emotion, 146
Theories of Motivation, 147
Physiological Motives, 149
Social Motivation, 152
Theories of Emotion, 153
Stress and Coping, 155
Positive Psychology, 156
13 Developmental Psychology, 163
Key Issues in Development, 164
Methods of Studying Development, 164
Physical Development, 165
Theories of Cognitive Development, 168
Theories of Moral Development, 170
Theories of Social and Emotional Development, 171
Gender Roles and Sex Differences, 174
14 Personality, 183
Personality Theories and Approaches, 184
Assessment Techniques, 191
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem, 193
15 Testing and Individual Differences, 201
Standardization and Norms, 201
Reliability and Validity, 202
Types of Tests, 203
Ethics and Standards in Testing, 204
Intelligence and Intelligence Testing, 205
Heredity/Environment and Intelligence, 209
Human Diversity, 210
Contents ! v
16 Abnormal Behavior, 215
Defining Abnormal Behavior, 215
Causes of Abnormal Behavior, 216
Types of Disorders, 217
17 Treatment of Abnormal Behavior, 228
Mental Health Practitioners, 228
Brief History of Therapy, 229
Treatment Approaches, 230
Biological/Biomedical Treatments, 234
Modes of Therapy, 236
Community and Preventive Approaches, 236
18 Social Psychology, 242
Group Dynamics, 242
Attribution Processes, 244
Interpersonal Perception, 245
Conformity, Compliance, Obedience, 247
Attitudes and Attitude Change, 248
Aggression/Antisocial Behavior, 249
Build Your Test-Taking Confidence
STEP 5
AP Psychology Practice Exam 1 and Answers, 259
AP Psychology Practice Exam 2 and Answers, 285
Appendixes
Glossary, 313
Bibliography, 340
Websites, 341
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PREFACE
Welcome to the updated 2010–2011 edition of this test preparation book for AP Psy-
chology. Changes in this edition reflect changes to the 2010–2011 Course Description for
AP Psychology from the College Board. The book has been designed so that it is user
friendly and employs the concepts psychologists know about learning and remembering to
help you succeed. Each chapter begins with an advance organizer to help you understand
the material. Smaller sections enable you to fit what you are learning into the framework of
what you already know. Features that previous users found most helpful, such as the defi-
nitions in the glossary at the end of the book, questions very similar to those actually on
the AP exam, and Rapid Review at the end of each content chapter have been retained.
If psychology were mainly common sense, as many people think, you wouldn’t need
this book. You wouldn’t need to study either. In fact, many concepts in psychology are
counterintuitive, the opposite of what common sense leads us to think. Actually, psychol-
ogy is a real science with a substantial knowledge base. If you are currently enrolled in an
Advanced Placement Psychology course, you know how much more than listening to
people’s problems and analyzing them is included in the study of psychology, and you know
how many hundreds of pages you need to navigate in a hard-covered course textbook. If
you’re not enrolled in an AP course, you may need additional support to help you select
material that is likely to be tested on the May exam. In either situation, you’ll benefit from
this book created to help you study for the Advanced Placement Exam in Psychology®.
This book provides you with the information on which you need to focus for taking
the Advanced Placement Exam in Psychology®, and gives you opportunities to practice
answering AP-type questions. The multiple-choice questions count for two-thirds of your
test score, and the essays count for one-third. While multiple-choice questions usually assess
your understanding of one concept, essays test your understanding of numerous concepts
and your ability to integrate information from more than one chapter. Practice in answering
both multiple-choice and essay questions will help you achieve on the AP exam. Read all
of the material and answer all of the questions in all of the content chapters of this book,
if you have enough time. Check your answers. Follow the study tips to help you learn and
remember material you need to know. As the May exam approaches, take the two practice
tests at the end of the book, and check your answers to see what you still need to learn.
Since studying will help you succeed, it’s time to get started!
! vii
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Laura Lincoln Maitland received a BA in Biological Sciences from Douglass College, an
MA in Psychology from Stony Brook University, an MS in Education from CUNY-Queens
College and a Professional Diploma from Long Island University.
Retired from the Bellmore-Merrick Central H.S. District where she was lead science
chairperson and taught Living Environment, AP Psychology, and Science Research for
many years, she is currently an adjunct instructor at Hofstra University. She is also an edu-
cation consultant at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Long Island BOCES, and a variety
of other venues. Laura has been a workshop presenter for the College Board, the New York
State Biology-Chemistry Professional Development Network, Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory’s Dolan DNA Learning Center, the Bellmore-Merrick Central High School
District, the New York City Board of Education, and the New York State Education
Department.
One of the founders and early chairs of Teachers of Psychology in Secondary Schools,
she chaired the committee that created National Standards for High School Psychology
Curricula. She also served on the AP Psychology Development Committee for the College
Board/ETS. She received the first American Psychological Association Presidential Citation
presented to a high school teacher and the American Psychological Association Division
Two Excellence in Teaching Award.
viii "
INTRODUCTION:
THE 5-STEP PROGRAM
The Basics
Learning, thinking, solving problems, and remembering are all psychological processes.
To earn the highest score of 5 on the AP Psychology exam, you’ll need to do them successfully!
While the content sections of this book will help you understand concepts involved in
learning and cognition, following the 5-step program will help you apply these concepts
to maximize your success on the May exam.
Introducing the 5-Step Preparation Program
This book is organized as a 5-step program to prepare you to succeed in the exam.
These steps are designed to provide you with vital skills and strategies and the practice that
can lead you to that perfect 5. Here are the 5 steps.
Step 1: Set Up Your Study Program
In this step you’ll read a brief overview of the AP Psychology exam, including an outline of
topics and the approximate percentage of the exam that will test knowledge of each topic.
You will also follow a process to help determine which of the following preparation pro-
grams is right for you:
• Full school year: September through May.
• One semester: January through May.
• Six weeks: Basic training for the exam.
Step 2: Determine Your Test Readiness
In this step you’ll take a diagnostic multiple-choice exam in psychology. This pre-test
should give you an idea of how prepared you are to take the real exam before beginning
to study for the actual AP Psychology Exam®.
• Go through the diagnostic exam step-by-step and question-by-question to build your
confidence level.
• Review the correct answers and explanations so that you see what you do and do
not yet fully understand.
Step 3: Develop Strategies for Success
In this step you’ll learn strategies that will help you do your best on the exam. These strate-
gies cover both the multiple-choice and free-response sections of the exam. Since serving
on the College Board committee to design the first course of study and examinations
for Advanced Placement Psychology®, I have worked with many students and teachers
who have helped me gain insight into how they think and study. Tasks that lull you into
a false sense of security with shortcuts that may not work are NOT here.
! ix