AP Psychology 2008-2..

354 Pages·2008·2.81 MB·English

5
FIVE STEPS TO A
AP Psychology
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5
FIVE STEPS TO A
AP Psychology
2008–2009
Laura Lincoln Maitland with Pam Hannah
M G -H
C RAW ILL
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DOI: 10.1036/0071497994
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BIBLCIOOGNRTAEPNHTYS
Preface, ix
About the author x
Introduction the Five-Step program, xi
Set Up Your Study Program, 1
STEP 1
1 What You Need to Know About the AP Psychology Exam, 3
2 How to Plan Your Time, 9
Determine Your Test Readiness, 15
STEP 2
3 Take a Diagnostic Exam, 17
The Diagnostic/Master Exam: AP Psychology, 19
Develop Strategies for Success, 35
STEP 3
4 How to Approach Each Question Type, 37
Multiple-Choice Questions, 37
Free-Response Questions, 38
Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High, 41
STEP 4
5 History and Approaches, 43
Roots of Psychology, 44
Schools of Psychology, 44
Principal Approaches to Psychology, 45
Subfields of Psychology, 46
6 Research Methods, 51
Experimental Method, 52
Correlational Research, 54
Case Study, 55
Elementary Statistics, 55
Ethical Guidelines, 59
7 Biological Bases of Behavior, 65
Techniques to Learn About Structure and Function, 66
Organization of Your Nervous System, 67
Localization and Lateralization of the Brain’s Function, 68
Structure and Function of the Neuron, 70
The Endocrine System, 73
Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology, 73
Genetics and Behavior, 74
8 Sensation and Perception, 84
Thresholds, 85
Vision, 85
Hearing (Audition), 88
Touch (Somatosensation), 90
The Body Senses, 90
vi ❯ Contents
The Chemical Senses, 91
Perceptual Processes, 91
9 States of Consciousness, 102
Levels of consciousness, 103
Sleep and Dreams, 103
Hypnosis, 106
Meditation, 106
Drugs, 107
10 Learning, 113
Classical Conditioning, 113
Operant Conditioning, 116
Biological Factors in Learning, 119
Cognitive Processes in Learning, 120
11 Cognition, 127
Models of Memory, 128
Language, 133
Thinking, 135
12 Motivation and Emotion, 146
Theories of Motivation, 147
Physiological Motives, 149
Social Motivation, 152
Theories of Emotion, 153
Stress and Coping, 155
13 Developmental Psychology, 163
Key Issues in Development, 164
Methods of Studying Development, 164
Physical Development, 165
Theories of Cognitive Development, 168
Theories of Moral Development, 170
Theories of Social and Emotional Development, 171
Gender Roles and Sex Differences, 174
14 Personality, 183
Personality Theories and Approaches, 184
Assessment Techniques, 192
15 Testing and Individual Differences, 201
Standardization and Norms, 201
Reliability and Validity, 202
Types of Tests, 203
Ethics and Standards in Testing, 204
Intelligence and Intelligence Testing, 205
Heredity/Environment and Intelligence, 209
Human Diversity, 210
16 Abnormal Psychology, 215
Defining Abnormal Behavior, 215
Causes of Abnormal Behavior, 216
Types of Disorders, 217
Contents ❮ vii
17 Treatment of Psychological Disorders, 228
Mental Health Practitioners, 228
Brief History of Therapy, 229
Treatment Approaches, 230
Insight Therapies, 230
Behavioral Approaches, 231
Cognitive Approaches, 233
Biological Treatments, 234
Modes of Therapy, 235
Community and Preventive Approaches, 236
18 Social Psychology, 242
Group Dynamics, 242
Attribution Processes, 244
Interpersonal Perception, 245
Conformity, Compliance, Obedience, 247
Attitudes and Attitude Change, 248
Aggression/Antisocial Behavior, 249
Build Your Test-Taking Confidence, 257
STEP 5
AP Psychology Practice Exam 1 and Answers, 261
AP Psychology Practice Exam 2 and Answers, 287
Appendixes, 311
Glossary, 313
Selected Bibliography, 338
Web Sites Related to the AP Psychology Exam, 339
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