AP chemistry 2019

433 Pages·2018·19.207 MB·English

by  John T. Moore, Richard Langley

5 STEPS TO A 5™
AP Chemistry
2019
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5
TM
5 STEPS TO A
AP Chemistr y
2019
John T. Moore, EdD
Richard H. Langley, PhD
New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid
Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto
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Copyright © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976,
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
John Moore grew up in the foothills of western North Carolina. He attended the University
of North Carolina–Asheville, where he received his bachelor’s degree in chemistry.
He earned his master’s degree in chemistry from Furman University in Greenville, South
Carolina. After a stint in the United States Army he decided to try his hand at teaching.
In 1971 he joined the faculty of Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas,
where he still teaches chemistry. In 1985 he started back to school part-time, and in 1991
received his doctorate in education from Texas A&M University. In 2003 his first book,
Chemistry for Dummies, was published.
Richard Langley grew up in southwestern Ohio. He attended Miami University
in Oxford, Ohio, where he earned bachelor’s degrees in chemistry and mineralogy and
a master’s degree in chemistry. He next went to the University of Nebraska in Lincoln,
where he received his doctorate in chemistry. He took a postdoctoral position at Arizona
State University in Tempe, Arizona, then became a visiting assistant professor at the
University of Wisconsin–River Falls. He has taught at Stephen F. Austin State University
in Nacogdoches, Texas, since 1982.
The authors are coauthors of Chemistry for the Utterly Confused, Biochemistry for
Dummies, and Organic Chemistry II for Dummies.
Both authors are graders for the free-response portion of the AP Chemistry exam. In
fact, between them, they have over twenty-five years of AP grading experience and estimate
that together they have graded over 125,000 exams.
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CONTENTS
Preface, xiii
Acknowledgments, xv
Introduction: The Five-Step Program, xvii
STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program
1 What You Need to Know About the AP Chemistry Exam, 3
Background of the Advanced Placement Program, 3
Who Writes the AP Chemistry Exam?, 4
The AP Grades and Who Receives Them, 4
Reasons for Taking the AP Chemistry Exam, 4
Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Chemistry Exam, 5
2 How to Plan Your Time, 9
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Chemistry Exam, 9
Calendar for Each Plan, 11
STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness
3 Take a Diagnostic Exam, 17
Getting Started: The Diagnostic Exam, 18
Answers and Explanations, 28
Scoring and Interpretation, 32
STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success
4 How to Approach Each Question Type, 35
Multiple-Choice Questions, 35
Free-Response Questions, 38
STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
5 Basics, 45
Units and Measurements, 46
Dimensional Analysis—the Factor Label Method, 47
The States of Matter, 48
The Structure of the Atom, 48
Periodic Table, 52
Oxidation Numbers, 55
Nomenclature Overview, 55
Experiments, 61
Common Mistakes to Avoid, 61
Review Questions, 62
Answers and Explanations, 65
Free-Response Question, 66
Answer and Explanation, 66
Rapid Review, 67
‹
vii
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›
viii Contents
6 Reactions and Periodicity, 69
AP Exam Format, 70
General Aspects of Chemical Reactions and Equations, 70
General Properties of Aqueous Solutions, 71
Precipitation Reactions, 72
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions, 73
Coordination Compounds, 77
Acid–Base Reactions, 78
Experiments, 82
Common Mistakes to Avoid, 82
Review Questions, 83
Answers and Explanations, 85
Free-Response Question, 86
Answer and Explanation, 86
Rapid Review, 86
7 Stoichiometry, 88
Moles and Molar Mass, 89
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas, 89
Reaction Stoichiometry, 91
Limiting Reactants, 92
Percent Yield, 93
Molarity and Solution Calculations, 94
Experiments, 95
Common Mistakes to Avoid, 95
Review Questions, 95
Answers and Explanations, 98
Free-Response Question, 100
Answer and Explanation, 101
Rapid Review, 102
8 Gases, 103
Kinetic Molecular Theory, 104
Gas Law Relationships, 105
Experiments, 113
Common Mistakes to Avoid, 114
Review Questions, 115
Answers and Explanations, 117
Free-Response Question, 119
Answer and Explanation, 119
Rapid Review, 120
9 Thermodynamics, 122
Calorimetry, 123
Laws of Thermodynamics, 125
Products Minus Reactants, 125
Thermodynamics and Equilibrium, 129
Experiments, 130
Common Mistakes to Avoid, 130
Review Questions, 131
Answers and Explanations, 134
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‹
Contents ix
Free-Response Question, 135
Answer and Explanation, 136
Rapid Review, 137
10 Spectroscopy, Light, and Electrons, 138
The Nature of Light, 138
Wave Properties of Matter, 140
Atomic Spectra, 140
Atomic Orbitals, 141
Photoelectron (Photoemission) Spectroscopy (PES), 142
Experiments, 143
Common Mistakes to Avoid, 143
Review Questions, 143
Answers and Explanations, 145
Free-Response Question, 146
Answer and Explanation, 146
Rapid Review, 147
11 Bonding, 148
Lewis Electron-Dot Structures, 149
Ionic and Covalent Bonding, 149
Molecular Geometry—VSEPR, 153
Valence Bond Theory, 155
Molecular Orbital Theory, 157
Resonance, 158
Bond Length, Strength, and Magnetic Properties, 159
Experiments, 159
Common Mistakes to Avoid, 159
Review Questions, 160
Answers and Explanations, 162
Free-Response Question, 163
Answer and Explanation, 164
Rapid Review, 165
12 Solids, Liquids, and Intermolecular Forces, 167
Structures and Intermolecular Forces, 168
The Liquid State, 169
The Solid State, 170
Phase Diagrams, 172
Relationship of Intermolecular Forces to Phase Changes, 174
Experiments, 174
Common Mistakes to Avoid, 174
Review Questions, 175
Answers and Explanations, 177
Free-Response Question, 178
Answer and Explanation, 178
Rapid Review, 179
13 Solutions and Colligative Properties, 180
Concentration Units, 181
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes, 184
Colligative Properties, 184
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