AP Biology TEXTBOOK Summer 18

197 Pages·2017·7.88 MB·English

AP Biology Summer 18
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
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JeanBrainard,Ph.D.
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DouglasWilkin,Ph.D.
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iii
Contents www.ck12.org
Contents
1 WhatisBiology? 1
1.1 ScienceandtheNaturalWorld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Biology: TheStudyofLife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2 ScienceandtheNaturalWorld 23
3 Biology: TheStudyofLife 28
4 TheChemistryofLife 34
4.1 MatterandOrganicCompounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2 BiochemicalReactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.3 Water,Acids,andBases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5 MatterandOrganicCompounds 61
6 BiochemicalReactions 67
7 Water,Acids,andBases 73
8 CellularStructureandFunction 80
8.1 IntroductiontoCells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
8.2 CellStructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8.3 CellTransportandHomeostasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9 IntroductiontoCells 109
10 CellStructures 115
11 CellTransportandHomeostasis 121
12 BiologyGlossary 127
12.1 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
12.2 B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
12.3 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.4 D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
12.5 E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12.6 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
12.7 G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
12.8 H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
12.9 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
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12.10 J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
12.11 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
12.12 L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
12.13 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
12.14 N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
12.15 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
12.16 P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
12.17 R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
12.18 S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
12.19 T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
12.20 U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
12.21 V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
12.22 W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
12.23 X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
12.24 Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
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www.ck12.org Chapter1. WhatisBiology?
C 1
HAPTER
What is Biology?
Chapter Outline
1.1 SCIENCE AND THE NATURAL WORLD
1.2 BIOLOGY: THE STUDY OF LIFE
1.3 REFERENCES
Isthispictureacolorfulworkofabstractart,orisitsomethingelse? Imagineshrinkingdowntoatinysize,sosmall
youcouldenterabloodvessel. Thisillustrationshowswhatyoumightseerushingtowardyou. Doyouknowwhat
theredobjectsare? Ifyouguessedredbloodcells,youareright. Whatabouttheknobbygreenobjects? Watchout
forthese! Theyarevirusesthathaveinvadedtheblood. However,thisimageisnotscale,inrealityvirusesaremuch
smallerinrelationshiptotheredbloodcellspicturedhere.
When you read this book, you will take an exciting journey into the realm of blood cells, viruses, and just about
everything else that is related to life. You will learn how your own body works, what makes living things unique,
and what you and viruses have in common. This first chapter explains how scientists learn about the natural world
andintroducesyoutobiology,thescienceoflife.
Imagecopyright Kjpargeter,2014.www.shutterstock.com.Used underlicense fromShutterstock.com.
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1.1. ScienceandtheNaturalWorld www.ck12.org
1.1 Science and the Natural World
Lesson Objectives
• Identifythegoalofscience.
• Describehowscientistsstudythenaturalworld.
• Explainhowandwhyscientistsdoexperiments.
• Describetypesofscientificinvestigations.
• Explainwhatascientifictheoryis.
Vocabulary
• dependentvariable
• evidence
• experiment
• hypothesis
• independentvariable
• model
• observation
• prediction
• science
• scientificinvestigation
• scientificlaw
• scientificmethod
• scientifictheory
Introduction
Did you ever wonder why giraffes have such long necks or how birds learn to sing their special songs? If you ever
asked questions such as these about the natural world, then you were thinking like a scientist. The word science
comes from a Latin word that means “knowledge.” Science is a distinctive way of gaining knowledge about the
naturalworldthatstartswithaquestionandthentriestoanswerthequestionwithevidenceandlogic. Scienceisan
excitingexplorationofallthewhysandhowsthatanycuriouspersonmighthaveabouttheworld. Youcanbepart
of that exploration. Besides your curiosity, all you need is a basic understanding of how scientists think and how
scienceisdone,startingwiththegoalofscience.
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The Goal of Science
The goal of science is to understand the natural world. To achieve this goal, scientists make certain assumptions.
Theyassumethat:
• Naturecanbeunderstoodthroughsystematicstudy.
• Scientificideasareopentorevision.
• Soundscientificideaswithstandthetestoftime.
• Sciencecannotprovideanswerstoallquestions.
NatureCanBeUnderstood
Scientiststhinkofnatureasasinglesystemcontrolledbynaturallaws. Bydiscoveringnaturallaws,scientistsstrive
to increase their understanding of the natural world. Laws of nature are expressed as scientific laws. A scientific
lawisastatementthatdescribeswhatalwayshappensundercertainconditionsinnature.
Anexampleofascientificlawisthelawofgravity,whichwasdiscoveredbySirIsaacNewton(seeFigure1.1). The
lawofgravitystatesthatobjectsalwaysfalltowardsEarthbecauseofthepullofgravity. Basedonthislaw,Newton
couldexplainmanynaturalevents. Hecouldexplainnotonlywhyobjectssuchasapplesalwaysfalltotheground,
buthecouldalsoexplainwhythemoonorbitsEarth. IsaacNewtondiscoveredlawsofmotionaswellasthelawof
gravity. Hislawsofmotionallowedhimtoexplainwhyobjectsmoveastheydo.
FIGURE1.1
DidNewtondiscoverthelawofgravitywhenanapplefellfromatreeand
hit him on the head? Probably not, but observations of nature are often
thestartingpointfornewideasaboutthenaturalworld.
ScientificIdeasCanChange
Science is more of a process than a set body of knowledge. Scientists are always testing and revising their ideas,
and as new observations are made, existing ideas may be challenged. Ideas may be replaced with new ideas that
better fit the facts, but more often existing ideas are simply revised. For example, when Albert Einstein developed
his theory of relativity, he didn’t throw out Newton’s laws of motion. Instead, he showed that Newton’s laws are a
part of a bigger picture. In this way, scientists gradually build an increasingly accurate and detailed understanding
ofthenaturalworld.
ScientificKnowledgeCanWithstandtheTestofTime
Many scientific ideas have withstood the test of time. For example, about 200 years ago, the scientist John Dalton
proposed atomic theory—the theory that all matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. This theory is still valid
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1.1. ScienceandtheNaturalWorld www.ck12.org
today. Therearemanyotherexamplesofbasicscienceideasthathavebeentestedrepeatedlyandfoundtobetrue.
Youwilllearnaboutmanyofthemasyoustudybiology.
ScienceCannotAnswerAllQuestions
Science rests on evidence and logic, so it deals only with things that can be observed. An observation is anything
that is detected either through human senses or with instruments and measuring devices that extend human senses.
Thingsthatcannotbeobservedormeasuredbycurrentmeans—suchassupernaturalbeingsorevents—areoutside
theboundsofscience. ConsiderthesetwoquestionsaboutlifeonEarth:
• DidlifeonEarthevolveovertime?
• WaslifeonEarthcreatedthroughanothermethod?
The first question can be answered by science on the basis of scientific evidence and logic. The second question
couldbeamatterofbelief. Therefore,itisoutsidetherealmofscience.
Why I Do Science
DanCosta,Ph.D.isaprofessorofBiologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,andhasbeenstudyingmarine
life for well over 40 years. He is a leader in using satellite tags, time and depth recorders and other sophisticated
electronic tags to gather information about the amazing depths to which elephant seals dive, their migration routes
andhowtheyuseoceanographicfeaturestohuntforpreyasfarastheinternationaldatelineandtheAlaskanAleutian
Islands. InthefollowingKQEDvideo,Dr. Costadiscusseswhyheisascientist:
MEDIA
ClickimagetotheleftorusetheURLbelow.
URL:http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/190184
The Scientific Method
“We also discovered that science is cool and fun because you get to do stuff that no one has ever done before.” In
thearticleBlackawtonbees,publishedbyeighttotenyearoldstudents: BiologyLetters(2010)http://rsbl.royalsoc
ietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/12/18/rsbl.2010.1056.abstract .
There are basic methods of gaining knowledge that are common to all of science. At the heart of science is the
scientific investigation, which is done by following the scientific method. A scientific investigation is a plan for
askingquestionsandtestingpossibleanswers. ItgenerallyfollowsthestepslistedinFigure1.2. Seehttp://www.y
outube.com/watch?v=KZaCy5Z87FA foranoverviewofthescientificmethod.
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www.ck12.org Chapter1. WhatisBiology?
FIGURE1.2
Steps of a Scientific Investigation. A scientific investigation typically has
thesesteps.
MakingObservations
Ascientificinvestigationtypicallybeginswithobservations. Youmakeobservationsallthetime. Let’ssayyoutake
awalkinthewoodsandobserveamoth,liketheoneinFigure1.3,restingonatreetrunk. Younoticethatthemoth
hasspotsonitswingsthatlooklikeeyes. Youthinktheeyespotsmakethemothlooklikethefaceofanowl.
FIGURE1.3
Doesthismothremindyouofanowl?
AskingaQuestion
Observationsoftenleadtoquestions. Forexample,youmightaskyourselfwhythemothhaseyespotsthatmakeit
looklikeanowl’sface. Whatreasonmighttherebeforthisobservation?
FormingaHypothesis
Thenextstepinascientificinvestigationisformingahypothesis. Ahypothesisisapossibleanswertoascientific
question,butitisn’tjustanyanswer. Ahypothesismustbebasedonscientificknowledge,anditmustbelogical. A
hypothesisalsomustbefalsifiable. Inotherwords,itmustbepossibletomakeobservationsthatwoulddisprovethe
hypothesisifitreallyisfalse. Assumeyouknowthatsomebirdseatmothsandthatowlspreyonotherbirds. From
thisknowledge,youreasonthateyespotsscareawaybirdsthatmighteatthemoth. Thisisyourhypothesis.
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