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AP Biology for Dummies PDF

378 Pages·2008·2.71 MB·English
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01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page iii AP Biology FOR DUMmIES ‰ by Peter Mikulecky,PhD Advanced Science Teacher,Fusion Learning Center Michelle Rose Gilman Founder/CEO Fusion Learning Center Brian Peterson Science Department Chair,Fusion Learning Center 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page iv AP Biology For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 ofthe 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, 317-572-3447, fax 317-572-4355, or onlineat http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Trademarks:Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PAR- TICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMEN- DATIONS IT MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ. For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002. For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Control Number: 2008920598 ISBN: 978-0-470-22487-8 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page v About the Authors Peter Mikulecky:Peter Mikulecky grew up in Milwaukee, an area of Wisconsin unique for its high human-to-cow ratio. After a breezy four-year tour in the Army, Peter earned a BS in bio- chemistry and molecular biology from the University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire and a PhD in biological chemistry from Indiana University. With science seething in his DNA, he sought to infect others with a sense of molecular wonderment. Having taught, tutored, and mentored in classroom and laboratory environments, Peter was happy to find a home at Fusion Learning Center and Fusion Academy. There, he enjoys persuading students that biology andchemistry are in fact fascinating journeys, not entirely designed to inflict pain on haplessteenagers. His military training occasionally aids him in this effort. Michelle Rose Gilman:Michelle Rose Gilman is most proud to be known as Noah’s mom (HiMunch!). A graduate of the University of South Florida, Michelle found her niche early and at 19 was already working with emotionally disturbed and learning disabled students in hospital settings. At 21 she made the trek to California, and there she found her passion for helping teenage students become more successful in school and life. What started as a small tutoring business in the garage of her California home quickly expanded and grew to the point where traffic control was necessary on her residential street. Today, Michelle is the Founder and CEO of Fusion Learning Center and Fusion Academy, a private school and tutoring/test-prep facility in Solana Beach, California, serving over 2,000 students per year. She is the author of ACT For Dummies, Precalculus For Dummies,and other books on self-esteem, writing, and motivational topics. Michelle has overseen dozens of pro- grams over the last 20 years, focusing on helping kids become healthy adults. She currently specializes in motivating unmotivatable adolescents, comforting their shell-shocked parents, and assisting her staff of 35 teachers. Michelle lives by the following motto: “There are people content with longing; I am not one ofthem.” Brian Peterson:Brian remembers a love for science going back to his own AP Biology high school class. At the University of San Diego, Brian majored in Biology and minored in Chemistry, with a pre-med emphasis. Before embarking to medical school, Brian took a young- adult-professional detour and found himself at Fusion Learning Center/Fusion Academy, an independent private school, where he quickly discovered a love of teaching. Years later, he finds himself the Science Department Head at Fusion and oversees a staff of 11 science teach- ers. Brian, also known as “Beeps” by his favorite students, is committed to encouraging the love of science in his students by offering unique and innovative science curricula. 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page vi Dedication We would like to dedicate this book to all the students who motivate us to be better teachers, and to everyone who has waited patiently for us while we wrote this book: We are now ready to play! 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page vii Authors’ Acknowledgments Thanks to Bill Gladstone from Waterside Productions for being an amazing agent and for notonly giving us the opportunity to write this book but believing enough in us to continue giving us more. You’re a brave man, Bill! Thanks to our Wiley editors, Stacy Kennedy and, especially, Jennifer Connolly for her constant humor, compassion, and salt lick. 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page viii Publisher’s Acknowledgments We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our Dummies online registration form located at www.dummies.com/register/. Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following: Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media Development Composition Services Project Editor: Jennifer Connolly Project Coordinator: Kristie Rees Acquisitions Editor: Stacy Kennedy Layout and Graphics:Claudia Bell, Carrie A.Cesavice, Reuben W. Davis, Stephanie D. Jumper Copy Editor: Jennifer Connolly Proofreaders: Laura Albert, Susan Moritz, Technical Editor: Barry Ludvik Evelyn W. Still Senior Editorial Manager: Jennifer Ehrlich Indexer: Galen Schroeder Editorial Supervisor: Carmen Krikorian Editorial Assistants:Erin Calligan Mooney, Joe Niesen, Leeann Harney, David Lutton Cover Photos: © David Chasey/Getty Images Cartoons: Rich Tennant (www.the5thwave.com) Publishing and Editorial for Consumer Dummies Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher, Consumer Dummies Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director, Consumer Dummies Kristin A. Cocks, Product Development Director, Consumer Dummies Michael Spring, Vice President and Publisher, Travel Kelly Regan,Editorial Director, Travel Publishing for Technology Dummies Andy Cummings,Vice President and Publisher, Dummies Technology/General User Composition Services Gerry Fahey,Vice President of Production Services Debbie Stailey,Director of Composition Services 02_224878 ftoc.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page ix Contents at a Glance Introduction.................................................................................1 Part I: Doing Your Best for the Test ...............................................5 Chapter 1: Dissecting the AP Biology Exam..............................................................................................7 Chapter 2: Strategies, Suggestions, and Schedules................................................................................13 Part II: Molecules and Cells........................................................21 Chapter 3: Biochemistry: The Little Things That Count.......................................................................23 Chapter 4: Answering Questions on Biochemistry................................................................................45 Chapter 5: The Cell’s Structure: Factories at Work................................................................................55 Chapter 6: Answering Questions about Cell Structure..........................................................................65 Chapter 7: Dividing Cells and Conquering the Processes.....................................................................71 Chapter 8: Answering Questions about Cell Functions.........................................................................81 Chapter 9: Cell Respiration: Energized and at the Ready!.....................................................................89 Chapter 10: Answering Questions about Cell Respiration..................................................................103 Part III: Living Large — Organisms and Populations ..................111 Chapter 11: Rooting Through Plant Life................................................................................................113 Chapter 12: Answering Questions about Plant Life.............................................................................129 Chapter 13: Animals and Behavior.........................................................................................................139 Chapter 14: Answering Questions About Animals and Behavior.......................................................175 Chapter 15: Taxonomy and Classification.............................................................................................185 Chapter 16: Answering Questions on Taxonomy and Classification.................................................197 Chapter 17: Getting Along in the World: Ecology.................................................................................205 Chapter 18: Answering Questions About Ecology...............................................................................219 Part IV: Inheriting and Evolving................................................227 Chapter 19: Heredity: Looking Like Your Parents................................................................................229 Chapter 20: Answering Questions About Heredity..............................................................................237 Chapter 21: Genetics: Getting Down to DNA Level..............................................................................245 Chapter 22: Answering Questions on Genetics....................................................................................257 Chapter 23: Evolving: Past, Present, and Future..................................................................................267 Chapter 24: Answering Questions on Evolution...................................................................................277 Part V: Putting It All into Practice, or, Practicing What Has Been Preached..........................................287 Chapter 25: Test 1.....................................................................................................................................289 Chapter 26: Answers to Test 1................................................................................................................307 Chapter 27: Test 2.....................................................................................................................................313 Chapter 28: Answers to Test 2................................................................................................................333 02_224878 ftoc.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page x Part VI: The Part of Tens...........................................................337 Chapter 29: Ten Terms to Tattoo on Your Brain...................................................................................339 Chapter 30: Ten Pathways (and Cycles)................................................................................................343 Chapter 31: Ten Organelles to Know.....................................................................................................347 Chapter 32: Ten Points on Plants and Animals ....................................................................................351 Index.......................................................................................355 02_224878 ftoc.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page xi Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................1 About This Book.........................................................................................................................1 Foolish Assumptions.................................................................................................................2 How This Book Is Organized.....................................................................................................2 Part I: Doing Your Best for the Test...............................................................................2 Part II: Molecules and Cells.............................................................................................2 Part III: Living Large — Organisms and Populations...................................................3 Part IV: Inheriting and Evolving......................................................................................3 Part V: Putting It All into Practice, or, Practicing What Has Been Preached............3 Part VI: The Part of Tens.................................................................................................3 Icons Used in This Book............................................................................................................3 Where to Go from Here..............................................................................................................4 Part I: Doing Your Best for the Test................................................5 Chapter 1: Dissecting the AP Biology Exam......................................................................7 Proving Your College Prowess..................................................................................................7 Getting to the Guts of the Exam...............................................................................................8 The multiple-choice questions.......................................................................................8 The free-response questions...........................................................................................8 Ticking through the Topics Covered.......................................................................................8 Trying to Decide: To Guess or Not to Guess..........................................................................9 Getting the Skinny on Scoring..................................................................................................9 Tabulating the multiple-choice section.......................................................................10 Adding up the free-response section...........................................................................10 Reaching the composite score ....................................................................................10 Packing Your Tools for the Test.............................................................................................11 Requesting Special Modifications..........................................................................................11 Chapter 2: Strategies, Suggestions, and Schedules......................................................13 Training For a Marathon, Not a Sprint..................................................................................13 Taking Care of Yourself Before the Test................................................................................14 Staying active .................................................................................................................14 Eating well.......................................................................................................................14 Learning to relax.............................................................................................................14 Staying away from artificial study aids (drugs).........................................................15 Acing the Questions.................................................................................................................15 The multiple-choice questions.....................................................................................15 The free-response questions.........................................................................................18 Four Stress-Busters to Help You Survive During the Test..................................................18 Counting to four.............................................................................................................19 Stretching........................................................................................................................19 Practicing visualization.................................................................................................19 Thinking positively.........................................................................................................19 02_224878 ftoc.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page xii xii APBiology For Dummies Part II: Molecules and Cells.........................................................21 Chapter 3: Biochemistry: The Little Things That Count.................................................23 Matters of Matter: Biology Emerges from Chemistry..........................................................23 An elegance of elements................................................................................................24 The importance of being wet........................................................................................25 The Power of Carbohydrates.................................................................................................27 Sweet! Sugars for life......................................................................................................27 Storing fuels for later.....................................................................................................29 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes....................................................................................29 Running metabolism......................................................................................................30 Building the blocks of life..............................................................................................33 Parts and Processes of Nucleic Acids...................................................................................35 Forming RNA and DNA...................................................................................................35 Using the genetic code to make proteins....................................................................36 Chapter 4: Answering Questions on Biochemistry........................................................45 Pointers for Practice................................................................................................................45 Testing Your Knowledge..........................................................................................................46 Answering multiple-choice questions.........................................................................46 Answering free-essay response questions..................................................................48 Lab on diffusion and osmosis.......................................................................................48 Lab on enzyme catalysis...............................................................................................49 Checking Your Work................................................................................................................51 Chapter 5: The Cell’s Structure: Factories at Work........................................................55 Categorizing Cells....................................................................................................................55 Poking around prokaryotes..........................................................................................55 You, a eukaryote.............................................................................................................55 Powerhouse Parts: Cell Structures........................................................................................56 Prokaryotic cell structure.............................................................................................56 Eukaryotic cell structure...............................................................................................58 Crossing the Border: Six Ways to Transport........................................................................60 Chapter 6: Answering Questions about Cell Structure..................................................65 Pointers for Practice................................................................................................................65 Testing Your Knowledge..........................................................................................................66 Answering multiple-choice questions.........................................................................66 Answering free-essay response questions..................................................................69 Checking Your Work................................................................................................................69 Chapter 7: Dividing Cells and Conquering the Processes............................................71 Stages and Phases: The Cell Cycle.........................................................................................71 Between phases of cell divisions: Interphase.............................................................72 Splitting into Two: Mitosis and Cytokinesis................................................................73 Shuffling Genetic Information.................................................................................................77 Meiosis I...........................................................................................................................77 Meiosis II..........................................................................................................................78

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AP Biology For Dummies®. Published by private school and tutoring/test-prep facility in Solana Beach, California, serving over 2,000 students per
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