AO Spine Textbook Comprehensive Overview on Surgical Management of the Spine

631 Pages·2020·17.29 MB·English

by  Michael P Steinmetz, Jeffrey C Wang, Thomas E Mroz

AO SPINE
Textbook

AO SPINE

Textbook
Comprehensive Overview on
Surgical Management of the Spine
Editors
Michael P Steinmetz MD
William P and Amanda C Madar Endowed Professor and Chair
Department of Neurological Surgery
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Neurological Institute
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Jeffrey C Wang MD Thomas E Mroz MD
Chief, Orthopedic Spine Service Director, Center for Spine Health
Co-Director, USC Spine Center Director, Spine Research Lab
Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and Center for Spine Health
Neurosurgery, USC Spine Center Departments of Orthopedic and
Los Angeles, California, USA Neurological Surgery
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Forewords
Edward C Benzel
S Rajasekaran
JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS
The Health Sciences Publisher
New Delhi | London
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Headquarters
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi 110 002, India
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Overseas Office
JP Medical Ltd
83 Victoria Street, London
SW1H 0HW (UK)
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com
Website: www.jaypeedigital.com
© 2020, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not
necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photo copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this
book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information
about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available
on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify
the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contra indications. It is
the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/
editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of
material in this book.
This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If
such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.
Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright
material. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements
at the first opportunity. The CD/DVD-ROM (if any) provided in the sealed envelope with this book is complimentary and
free of cost. Not meant for sale.
Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: [email protected]
AO Spine Textbook: Comprehensive Overview on Surgical Management of the Spine
First Edition: 2020
ISBN: 978-93-86056-95-5
Printed at
Dedication
I would like to dedicate this book to my wife and two children.
Editing such a text is a tireless and time consuming endeavor.
Much of this time is taken away from family events.
This is no lost on me as an editor and
this finished product is a statements to their love and support.
Michael P Steinmetz
I would like to dedicate this book to my late father,
who was an educator and a scholar in the area of political science.
He lead, educated, and brought together stakeholders
by being the prime example of being the best, and
what we all should strive to be. He was the most amazing person
to ever influence and guide my life.
Jeffrey C Wang
I would like to thank my family
who has supported my career with love and
inspiration over past 15 years.
Thomas E Mroz

Contributors
A Jay Khanna MD MBA Caglar Yilgor MD Darrel S Brodke MD
Vice Chair and Professor Associate Professor Louis and Janet Peery Presidential
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Endowed Chair
Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering Traumatology Professor and Executive Vice Chair
Johns Hopkins University Acibadem University School of Medicine Department of Orthopedics
Bethesda, Maryland, USA Istanbul, Turkey University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
Abhishek Ray MD Casey Fisher MD
Neurosurgeon Interventional Pain Specialist David E Fish MD MPH
Department of Neurological Surgery Pain Relief Solutions Associate Professor
University Hospitals Cleveland San Diego, California, USA Department of Orthopedics
Medical Center Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Cleveland, Ohio, USA Christopher Bonsignore MD The UCLA Spine Center
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Adam L Wollowick MD MBA Spine Surgery Fellow
Los Angeles, California, USA
Texas Back Institute
Senior Director
Plano, Texas, USA
Business Development
David Gurd MD
Stryker Spine
New York City, New York, USA Christopher P Ames MD Attending Pediatric Orthopedic Surgeon
Head, Pediatric Spinal Deformity Surgery
Professor of Clinical Neurological Surgery
Ahmet Alanay MD and Orthopedic Surgery Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Professor Director of Spinal Deformity and Spine
Department of Orthopedics and Tumor Surgery
Traumatology Co-Director, Spinal Surgery and UCSF David T Anderson MD
Acibadem University School of Medicine Spine Center Orthopedic Spine Surgeon
Istanbul, Turkey Director, California Deformity Institute OrthoCarolina
Director, Spinal Biomechanics Laboratory Monroe, North Carolina, USA
Ajit A Krishnaney MD FAANS Department of Neurological Surgery
Vice Chair University of California, San Francisco Douglas Orr MD
Department of Neurosurgery San Francisco, California, USA Orthopedic Surgeon
Patient Safety Officer Cleveland Clinic Spine Institute
Neurological Institute Colin G Crosby MD Luthern Hospital
Cleveland Clinic Orthopedic Spine Surgeon Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Cleveland, Ohio, USA Centennial Medical Center
St Thomas Hospital Edward C Benzel MD
Alexandra Paraskos MD Nashville, Tennessee, USA Emeritus Chair of Neurosurgery
Physician
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland Clinic Daniel G Hoernschemeyer MD Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Columbus, Ohio, USA
Chief of Pediatric Orthopedics
Ankit I Mehta MD FAANS MU Women’s and Children’s Hospital Emiliano Vialle MD
Associate Professor Spine Surgeon
Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery
Department of Orthopedic Surgery Cajuru University Hospital
Director of Spinal Oncology
University of Missouri Catholic University of Parana
University of Illinois at Chicago
Columbia, Missouri, USA Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Chicago, Illinois, USA
Anthony A Scaduto MD Daniel K Resnick MD MS Emmanuel Menga MD
Orthopedic Surgeon Professor and Vice Chairman Assistant Professor
UCLA Medical Center Department of Neurosurgery Department of Orthopedics and
Santa Monica University of Wisconsin School of Rehabilitation
Los Angeles, California, USA Medicine and Public Health University of Rochester Medical Center
Madison, Wisconsin, USA Rochester, New York, USA
Brian K Kwon MD PhD FRCSC
Canada Research Chair in Spinal Cord Injury Daniel Lubelski MD Faiz Ahmad MD MCh
Professor Resident Assistant Professor
Department of Orthopedics Department of Neurosurgery Department of Neurosurgery
University of British Columbia Johns Hopkins University Emory University
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Baltimore, Maryland, USA Atlanta, Georgia, USA
viii AO Spine Textbook
Fernando Techy MD Isador H Lieberman MD MBA FRCSC Juliann Kwak Lee MD
Director of Spine Surgery Orthopedic and Spinal Surgeon Assistant Professor
Department of Orthopedic Surgery Texas Back Institute Department of Orthopedic Surgery
ClinTech Center for Orthopedics and Plano, Texas, USA University of Southern California
Spine Health Los Angeles, California, USA
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Jacob Enders BS
Medical Student Justin K Scheer MD
Gabriel Widi MD Cleveland Clinic Lerner Resident Physician, PGY-4
College of Medicine Department of Neurological Surgery
Neurosurgeon
Cleveland, Ohio, USA University of California
Miami Brain and Spine Center
San Francisco, California, USA
Miami, Florida, USA
James D Kang MD
Chairman K Daniel Riew MD
Geoffrey Stricsek MD Department of Orthopedic Surgery Professor of Orthopedic Surgery
Neurosurgery Spine Fellow Brigham and Women’s Hospital Columbia University
Emory University Boston, Massachusetts, USA Chief, Cervical Spine Surgery and
Atlanta, Georgia, USA Co-Director, Spine Division
James S Harrop MD FACS Co-Director, Columbia University
Spine Fellowship
George Rymarczuk MD Professor
New York City, New York, USA
Staff Neurosurgeon Department of Neurological and
Division of Neurosurgery Orthopedic Surgery Kaine C Onwuzulike MD PhD
Landstuhl Regional Medical Center Director, Division of Spine and
Assistant Professor
Landstuhl, Germany Peripheral Nerve Surgery
Department of Neurological Surgery,
Assistant Professor of Surgery Neurosurgery Director of Delaware Valley
CCLCM CCAG
Uniformed Services University SCI Center
Section Head
of the Health Sciences Thomas Jefferson University
Pediatric Spine and Fetal
Bethesda, Maryland, USA Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Myelomeningocele Repair
Jason D Berk MD Center of Pediatric Neurosciences S-60
Ghaith Habboub MD Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group
Neurosurgery Resident
Rockville, Maryland, USA
Cleveland Clinic Karthikeyan E Ponnusamy MD MSE
Cleveland, Ohio, USA Orthopedic Surgeon
Jason I Liounakos MD
Pinnacle Orthopedics
Resident
Graham C Calvert MD Department of Neurological Surgery Woodstock, Georgia, USA
Neck and Back Specialist University of Miami Keith Bachmann MD
Mississippi Sports Medicine Orthopedic Miami, Florida, USA
Resident
Center
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Jackson, Mississippi, USA Jean Paul Wolinsky MD
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Professor of Neurosurgery and
Gregory R Trost MD Orthopedic Surgery Kelly Krohn MD
Professor, Vice Chair Vice Chairman of Neurosurgery Clinical Associate Professor
Director, Spinal Surgery Program Strategic Planning and Finance Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Department of Neurological Surgery Director of Spinal Oncology University of Arizona College of Medicine
University of Wisconsin School of Department of Neurosurgery Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Medicine and Public Health Northwestern University
Madison, Wisconsin, USA Feinberg School of Medicine Kevin Hines MD
Chicago, Illinois, USA
Resident
Haariss Ilyas MD Department of Neurosurgery
Jens R Chapman MD
Resident Physician Thomas Jefferson University
Spine Surgeon
Cleveland Clinic Foundation Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Swedish Neuroscience Institute
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Seattle, Washington, USA Luiz Roberto Vialle MD PhD
Professor
Hillard T Spencer MD Jessica A Tang MD Department of Orthopedics
Orthopedic Surgeon Resident Physician School of Medicine
Los Angeles, California, USA Department of Otolaryngology Pontifical Catholic University
Temple University Cajuru Hospital, Spine Group
Howard S An MD Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
The Morton International Endowed Chair
Professor of Orthopedic Surgery Joel Kolmodin MD Mari L Groves MD
Director, Spine Fellowship Program Resident Neurosurgeon
Midwest Orthopedics at Rush University Cleveland Clinic Foundation Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois, USA Cleveland, Ohio, USA Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Contributors ix
Marzena Buzanowska MD Michael Y Wang MD FACS Sajeel R Khan MD
Physician Professor, Neurological Surgery and Assistant Professor
Cleveland Clinic Rehab Medicine Department of Neurosurgery
Cleveland, Ohio, USA Spine Fellowship Director Marshall University
Chief of Neurosurgery Huntington, West Virginia, USA
Mauricio Silva MD University of Miami Hospital
Clinical Professor University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Sandeep N Gidvani MD
Orthopedic Institute for Children Miami, Florida, USA Orthopedic Spine Surgeon
University of California, Los Angeles OrthoNorcal
Natalie L Leong MD
Los Angeles, California, USA Los Gatos, California, USA
Assistant Professor
Melissa Nadeau MD MPH FRCSC Department of Orthopedic Surgery Scott D Daffner MD
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Spine Surgeon Professor
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Surrey Comprehensive Orthopedics Department of Orthopedics
Surrey, British Columbia, Canada Orlando Colina West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
Michael D Daubs MD Paul E Kaloostian MD FAANS FACS
Orthopedic Spine Surgeon Neurosurgeon Sean Barry MD MA FRCSC
Professor and Chairman Riverside Community Hospital Assistant Professor
Department of Orthopedic Surgery Riverside, California, USA Dalhousie University
University of Nevada, Las Vegas Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Las Vegas, Nevada, USA Perry Dhaliwal MD MPH FRCSC
Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery
Shah-Nawaz M Dodwad MD
Michael G Fehlings MD PhD FRCSC FACS Section of Neurosurgery
Department of Surgery Assistant Professor
Professor
University of Manitoba Division of Spine
Department of Neurosurgery
Manitoba, Canada Department of Orthopedics
University of Toronto
University of Texas Health Science Center
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Richard E Bowen MD Houston, Texas, USA
Co-Director, Spinal Deformity Center
Michael J Beebe MD Orthopedic Institute for Children Shaleen Vira MD
Orthopedic Trauma Surgeon
Clinical Professor Combined Neurological and
Campbell Clinic
Department of Orthopedic Surgery Orthopedic Spine Surgery Fellow
Germantown, Tennessee, USA
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Cleveland Clinic
Los Angeles, California, USA Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Michael J Lee MD
Professor Robert A Hart MD
Siddharth A Badve
Orthopedic Spine Surgery Spine Surgeon
MD MBBS MS(Orthopedics)
University of Chicago Swedish Neuroscience Institute
Attending Spine Surgeon
Chicago, Illinois, USA Seattle, Washington, USA
Carolina Pines Regional Medical Center
Michael P Kelly MD MSc Ryan Goodwin MD Hartsville, South Carolina, USA
Surgeon
Associate Professor
Cleveland Clinic Foundation Sohrab S Virk MD MBA
Department of Orthopedic and
Cleveland, Ohio, USA Spine Fellow
Neurological Surgery
Division of Spine
Director, Adult and Pediatric Spine S Tim Yoon MD PhD Department of Orthopedics
Fellowship
Professor Hospital for Special Surgery
Director, Spine Research
Department of Orthopedic Surgery New York City, New York, USA
Washington University School of Medicine
Emory University
St Louis, Missouri, USA
Atlanta, Georgia, USA Stephen Dechter DO
Michael P Steinmetz MD Safdar N Khan MD Benton Franklin Orthopedic Associates
Kennewick, Washington, USA
William P and Amanda C Madar Endowed The Benjamin R and Helen Slack Wiltberger
Professor and Chair Endowed Chair in
Department of Neurological Surgery Orthopedic Spine Surgery Sumit K Gupta MD
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Associate Professor and Associate Professor
Neurological Institute Chief of Division of Spine Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Cleveland, Ohio, USA Department of Orthopedics University of Missouri
Adjunct Associate Professor Columbia, Missouri, USA
Michael T Modic MD FACR Department of Integrated Systems
Professor of Radiology and Radiologic Engineering Theodore J Choma MD
Sciences Clinical Faculty, Spine Research Institute Professor of Orthopedic Surgery
Senior VP Population Health The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Director, Spine Division
Vanderbilt University Center University of Missouri
Nashville, Tennessee, USA Columbus, Ohio, USA Columbia, Missouri, USA