Anxious: The Modern Mind in the Age of Anxiety PDF
Preview Anxious: The Modern Mind in the Age of Anxiety
INDEX NOTE: Italic page references indicate figures and tables. ABC model, 265 Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), 259, 266, 314 Acetylcholine, 90, 93, 97, 219, 221, 298 Acid-sensing receptors, 297–98 ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone), 31, 59, 60, 93, 97 Action potential, 83, 84, 99, 132 Active avoidance conditioning, 71–75, 72, 101–4, 262–63, 332n Active coping, 310–13 Addiction studies, 140–41, 143 Adrenal cortex, 59, 60, 97, 297 Adrenaline, 28, 58, 59, 132, 134 Adrenal medulla, 60, 87, 134 Affective states, primary process, 126–27, 128 Affect program, 121, 121, 124–25, 125 “Age of anxiety,” 6 Age of Anxiety, The (Auden), 6 Alarm response, 59, 298, 321n Alberini, Cristina, 303 Alcohol, as anxiolytic, 238 Allen, Woody, 7 Allocortex, 85, 86–87 All We Have to Fear (Horwitz and Wakefield), 17, 247 American Psychiatric Association, 11 American Psychological Association, 258–59 Amorapanth, Prin, 103 Amygdala basal. See Basal amygdala central. See Central amygdala electrical stimulation studies, 87–90, 127 in fear (defense) system, 30–31, 31, 35–36, 38, 92, 93, 94–95, 97–98, 100, 103–4, 270, 323n. See also Amygdala-based threat-processing circuit hypothalamically elicited rage and amygdala-hypothalamic-PAG rage pathway, 87–90, 89 lateral. See Lateral amygdala nonconscious processing in, 212–14, 219–23 structure, 85, 86, 87 Amygdala-based threat-processing circuit, ix, 92, 127, 209–23 cognitive reappraisal of threats, 214–17, 215 direct effects on cortical processing, 217–19, 218, 220, 221 extinction and, 98, 284–88, 285, 286, 287 in fear and anxiety disorders, 107–11 generalized arousal, 219–23, 220, 222 LeDoux’s view of, 34–37, 36 low-road/high-road model, 209–14, 210 neutral stimuli vs., 207–9, 209 RDoC concept, 251–52 reactions, actions, and threat certainty, 105, 105–7 role of culture and experience, 230–31 threat stimuli routes, 209–14, 210 Amygdaloids, the (band), xii, 156 Anandamide, 241–42, 245 Angh, 2, 13, 319n Angst (anxiety), 2, 4, 5, 320–21n Animal consciousness, ix–x, 47–51, 147–48, 150–54, 200–202 anthropomorphic assumptions, 48–49, 50, 119–20, 200–202 Darwin’s legacy in early psychology, 116–17 episodic memory debate, 154, 194–99 Animals, emotions in, 42–43, 48–49, 113–14, 119–20 A-noetic states, 191, 192–94, 201, 205, 223, 345n Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 109, 110, 111, 178, 216, 252 Antianxiety drug research, 236–44 DSM vs. RDoC concept, 252–53 gene studies and, 246–47 Antidepressant drugs, 239–41, 241 Anxietas, 2 Anxiety attention control theory of, 217–18, 276 coming to terms with, 37–41 conscious experience of, 253–57, 255 diagnostic categories, 11–14, 247–49 differences between fear and, 7, 8, 10–11 of everyday life, 317–18 feeling anxious, 231–32 Freud’s theory of, 4–7, 13, 18–19, 22, 234, 236, 320–21n philosophical understanding of, 4–5, 233, 234 in popular culture, 6, 6–7 psychotherapy for, 258–77. See also Exposure therapy RDoC concept, 249–54 response-based concept of, 234–35, 237 scientific definitions of, 234–36 similarities between fear and, 7, 8 terminology used, 7–8, 9, 10, 41–42 uncertainty and anticipation model of, 108, 108–9, 111–12, 251 “Anxiety,” 2–7, 41–42, 225–26, 236, 320–21n Anxiety disorders, 11–13, 12, 233–34. See also Fear and anxiety disorders drug classes for treatment of DSM-IV, 240–41, 241 Anxiety neurosis, 4, 12 Anxiolytics, 237–42, 241, 243, 253 behavioral tasks testing effects, 239, 240 Anxious genes, 15–16, 16, 244–47 Aquinas, Thomas, 3 Armony, Jorge, 98 Arousal, 63, 90, 97, 132, 219–23, 220, 224–25 RDoC matrix, 250, 251 Arousal systems, 85, 90, 91, 315 “As if” loop, 135–36 Associative learning, 28, 65, 98, 293 Attention consciousness and, 176–77 threat processing and, 212–19 Attentional amplification theory, 171, 173, 177, 347n Attentional blink, 217–18 Attention control theory of anxiety, 217–18, 276 Auden, W. H., 6, 7 Austin, James, 314 Autonoetic consciousness, 191–98, 202, 207, 229–33, 247, 253, 255, 317 Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 56, 57, 58, 82, 87–88, 95, 133, 205, 207–8, 299, 313–14 Avoidance conditioning, 71–77, 101–4, 102, 262–63 trumping extinction with proactive, x, 310–13 Axons, 83, 84, 90, 139, 219 Baars, Bernard, 161 Bacon, Francis, 37–38 Bain, Alexander, 118, 140 Balleine, Bernard, 138–39, 140 Barbiturates, 238 Bard, Philip, 87–88 Barlow, David, 5, 15, 16, 256, 278, 292 Barrett, Lisa, 19, 123–24, 226, 230 Basal amygdala (BA), 31, 94, 95, 96, 101, 107, 218, 218–19, 355n Basal ganglia, 86, 87, 179, 299 Basic emotions theory, 19, 121, 121–25, 125, 133 Beck, Aaron, 265–67, 271 Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), 105, 105–8, 111, 223, 251, 298 Behavioral acts, defining anxiety by, 234–35 Behavioral approach to antianxiety research, 242–44 Behavioral defense responses. See Defense reactions Behavioral inhibition theory, 38–39, 78–79, 106, 107, 111, 237 Behaviorism, 19, 26, 32, 118, 120, 148, 234, 235 Behavior therapy, 259, 260, 261, 264–68 Benzodiazepines, 12–13, 39, 238–41, 241, 243, 252–53 Bernstein, Leonard, 6 Berridge, Kent, 103, 120, 131, 141–42 Berrios, G.E., 131 Biases, 109, 111, 214, 267 Biological factors, 15–16, 16 Bistable images, 340n Blaming the Brain (Valenstein), 238 Blanchard, Caroline, 28, 61 Blanchard, Robert, 28, 61 Blindsight patients, 166, 167, 168, 173, 205, 208, 211 Block, Ned, 156, 163–64, 173–74, 175–76 Body feedback theories of emotions, 18–19, 117–18, 133–38, 139 Body states, 135–36, 138, 299 Bolles, Robert, 28, 33, 63, 328n Bonanno, George, 311 Borkovec, Thomas, 275 Bouton, Mark, 28, 256, 269 Boyden, Ed, 99 Brain, 82–112. See also specific parts of brain abbreviations of key areas, 86 active avoidance circuitry, 101–4, 102 conscious and nonconscious threat processing, 206, 206–7 conscious feelings emergence in, 226–27, 228 consciousness and, 164–79, 171 electrical stimulation studies, 87–90, 127–33 emotions in, 119–33 extinction in, 98, 110, 283–89, 285, 286, 287, 298–99 in fear and anxiety disorders, 107–12 memories becoming conscious in, 184–88 structure and function, 83–87, 84–85 threatening stimuli, 92–101, 93, 94, 96 threats vs. neutral stimuli, 207–9, 209 uncertainty, risk, and, 105–7 Breathing away anxiety, 313–14, 315–17 Brewin, Chris, 273, 279 “Bricolage,” 227 British philosophy, 118, 140 Brooks, Mel, 7 Brown, Richard, 174 Buddhism, 160–61, 317 Bush, George W., 282 Butler, Samuel, 181 Cain, Chris, 73, 101 Calcium channel modulators, 241, 241 Campese, Vin, 101 Cannabis, 242 Cannon, Walter, 54, 56, 58, 59, 87, 88, 133 Carvalho, Gil, 138 Cash, Rosanne, vi, xii Cells, 82, 83, 84 Central amygdala (CeA) extinction circuitry, 285, 287–88, 310–11, 355n in fear (defense) system, 30, 31, 92, 93, 95, 97, 101–3, 104 nonconscious processing in, 220, 221 Central defense system, 41, 325n Central motivational state, 19, 63, 120, 234 Central state view of fear, 19, 32–34, 33, 37, 39, 45–46, 63, 120, 237 Cerebral cortex, 85, 86, 88, 230 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 297–98 Chalmers, David, 156–57 Chamberlin, Thomas, 47 Changeux, Jean-Pierre, 161 Charles Bonnet Syndrome, 174 Chemical imbalance hypothesis, 238, 245 Choi, June-Seek, 101 Chomsky, Noam, 349n Circa-strike stage, 62, 62, 78 Clark, David, 265–66 Classical conditioning. See Pavlovian conditioning Clayton, Nicky, 195 Cleeremans, Axel, 161 Clem, Roger, 308 Clore, Gerald, 19, 230 Cognition in exposure therapy, 268–75 in extinction, 267–70 feelings as interface between reaction and, 138–39 mental state consciousness and, 149–54 in RDoC matrix, 250, 251 Cognitive-behavior therapy, 259, 260, 264–65 Cognitive conscious feelings, 126–27, 128, 129, 138 Cognitive dissonance, 132, 255 Cognitive exposure therapy, 264–75 Cognitive restructuring, 277, 306 Cognitive therapy, 259, 260, 264–75, 282 Cognitive unconscious, 47, 147, 149, 159, 193 Commentary keys, 152–53, 161, 165, 176, 197 Composed (Cash), vii Concept of Anxiety, The (Kierkegaard), 5 Conceptual acts, 226, 230 Conditioned negative reinforcement, 74, 76, 103 Conditioned reinforcer, 74, 76, 76 Conditioned responses (CRs), 28–30, 29 Conditioned stimulus (CS), 28–30, 29, 31, 65–69, 94–95 conscious vs. nonconscious threats in human studies, 204, 204–5 extinction and, 65–67, 268–70, 283–87, 291 roles in avoidance, 71–77, 76, 101–4 Consciousness, ix–x, 146–80, 199–200 in animals. See Animal consciousness attention and, 176–77 behaviorists and, 19 brain basis of, 164–79, 171 emergence of emotional feelings in, 226–27, 228 experience of anxiety, 253–57, 255 first-order theory of, 162–64, 163 global workspace theory of, 161–62, 162 higher-order theories of, 159–61, 160 information-processing theories of, 158–64 James’s theory of, 117–18 language and, 149–50, 154–55, 200 memory and, 181–88, 191, 191–92, 193–94, 207 mental state and cognition, 149–54 mental state vs. creature, 146–47, 147 neocortex in, 177–79 nonconscious vs. conscious processing of threats, 204, 204–7, 206 qualia problem, 155–57 subcortical theories of, 174–76 unconscious challenge and, 148–49 Consolidation of memories, 186, 186, 193, 301, 302, 303 Conspecific aggression, 53, 95 Context dependence, as limit of extinction, 289, 290, 291 Contextual conditioning, 65, 67 Controlled breathing, 313–14, 315–17 Core beliefs (schemas), 265, 271 Cornell Medical School, 26, 30 Cortical consciousness networks (CCNs), 178–79, 179, 187–88, 206, 219, 315 Cortisol, 28, 31, 59, 97, 134, 292, 297 Craig, Bud, 136–37 Craske, Michelle, 279, 293–95 Crayfish, 39, 246 Creature consciousness, 146–47, 147, 179, 193, 201 Crichton, Michael, 130 Crick, Francis, 170, 172 Crypsis, 55–56 Cued conditioning, 65, 66 Culture, and amygdala threat response, 230–31 Cyclic AMP response binding element protein (CREB), 288–89, 295, 357n Dalgleish, Tim, 273, 279 Damasio, Antonio, 134–38, 135, 136, 139, 147, 157, 175–76, 224 Darwin, Charles, 140 emotional legacy in early psychology, 116–18 theory of emotions, 114–16, 121, 144–45 theory of fear, 32, 32, 33, 37, 54 Davidson, Richard, 314 Davies, Martin, 174 Davis, Michael, 30, 297 D-cycloserine (DCS), 297 Dębiec, Jacek, 305, 306 Decision making, Pavlovian incentives role in, 76–77, 104, 328–29n Decision systems, 80–81 Declarative memory. See Explicit memory Deep brain stimulation (DBS), 298–99 Deep survival, 42–43 Defense reactions, 32–34, 41, 54–56 amygdala-hypothalamic-PAG rage pathway, 87–90, 89 escape and avoidance, 69, 71–77 “freeze, flight, and fight” response, 54–55, 55, 61, 63–64 Pavlovian conditioning of, 64–69 physiological support of, 56, 57, 58–59, 60, 87–90 predatory imminence theory of, 61–63, 62 risk assessment behaviors, 38–39, 77–80 Defensive burying, 55 Defensive motivational states, 32, 32, 39, 44–47, 45, 61–64, 75, 143–44, 223–25, 254, 256, 325n fear and, 227–31 role of memory and learning, 64, 69–71 Defensive survival circuits, 37, 43–47, 45, 54, 63, 134, 207–9 Defensive system, 41, 325n Dehaene, Stanislas, 161, 163–64, 173 Deisseroth, Karl, 99 Delgado, Mauricio, 98, 216–17 Dendrites, 83, 84 Dennett, Daniel, 149–50, 154, 161 Depression, 14, 234, 238–39, 250, 299 Descartes, René, 148, 149, 151, 200 Descartes’ Error (Damasio), 134 Desensitization, 264, 277 De Waal, Frans, 49 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), 11–14, 247–49, 251 Diagnostic categories, 11–14, 247–49 Diaz-Mataix, Lorenzo, 303–4, 305 Dickinson, Anthony, 138–39, 140, 195 Dickinson, Emily, 1 “Disorder,” 17 Dog-bite scenario, 92, 94, 94–95 Dolan, Ray, 98 Dominant trace theory, 307 Dopamine, 90, 93, 97, 103, 104, 142–43, 219, 246, 298, 299–300, 338n Dorsal striatum, 104, 110 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFCDL), 178, 179 Doyère, Valérie, 303–4, 305 Drives, 77, 134 Drug discovery research, 236–44 DSM vs. RDoC concept, 252–53 gene studies and, 246–47 Drug enhancement, of extinction, 296–98 Dualism, 157 Duchenne de Boulogne, Guillaume-Benjamin, 114, 115 Dudai, Yadin, 306–7 Dylan, Bob, 182 Edinger, Ludwig, 322n, 330n Ehlers, Anke, 266 Eichenbaum, Howard, 195 Ekman, Paul, 121–22, 122, 123 Ekman faces, 122, 122 Electrical brain stimulation, 87–90, 92, 119, 127–33, 331n Emergency response, 56, 57, 58–59, 60 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 52 Emotional Brain, The (LeDoux), vii–viii, 23, 35, 36, 51 Emotional consciousness, 203–32 Emotional intelligence, 224 Emotional processing theory, 271–75, 355n Emotional schemas, 226, 230, 265 Emotion command system hypothesis, 125–30, 137–40, 175–76 basic and cognitive feeling circuits, 127, 128 feelings and emotional behavior intertwined, 125–26, 126 role of emotions, 134, 135, 136 Emotions (emotional feelings), 113–45, 225–32 in animals, 42–43, 48–49, 113–14, 119–20 anxious feelings, 231–32 basic emotions theory, 19, 121–25, 133 body feedback theories of, 18–19, 117–18, 133–38
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