9/16/2015 ANXIOUS KIDS A PRIMARY CARE APPROACH ‐MEDS AND MORE Treating Childhood Anxiety Disorders C. Allen Musil Jr MD OBJECTIVES 1. List 3 classesof medication commonly prescribed to treat childhood anxiety. 2. List 2 appropriate reasons to initiate medication in an anxious child. 3. List 3 common side effects of SSRI treatment in children. 4. List two things a primary care provider can do when interacting with school systems, when treating a child/adolescent with school refusal 2ndto anxiety. Measuring Outcomes Question: –True Or False? You are treating a 10‐year‐old child who refuses to attend school because of anxiety, has truancy charges filed, and is at risk of removal from parents and placement in a residential group home. Individual and family therapy is in place for the last 6 months but there is little progress. Starting medication for anxiety is appropriate. 1 9/16/2015 Disclosure • I am on the speaker panel for the drug company Novartis. I will not be mentioning the Novartis schizophrenia medication during this presentation. Outline • Definitions (DSM V) • Approach • Treatments DEFINITIONS (adult) • Anxietyis an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behavior, such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaintsand rumination. It is the subjective unpleasant feelings of dread over something unlikelyto happen, such as the feeling of imminent death 2 9/16/2015 DEFINITION • Anxiety is not the same as fear, which is a response to a real or perceived immediate threat;whereas anxiety is the expectation of future threat • Anxiety can be appropriate, but when it is too much and continues too long, the individual may suffer from an anxiety disorder. DEFINITIONS • Fear and anxiety can be differentiated in four domains: (1) duration of emotional experience, (2) temporal focus, (3) specificity of the threat, and (4) motivated direction. Fear is defined as short lived, present focused, geared towards a specific threat, and facilitating escape from threat; while anxiety is defined as long acting, future focused, broadly focused towards a diffuse threat, and promoting excessive caution while approaching a potential threat and interferes with constructive coping. – Sylvers,et all, (2011) “Differences between trait fear and trait anxiety”, Clinical Psychology Review 31 (1): 122‐37 Working towards a DEFINITION of: • Anxiety Disorders‐ –Most cases of anxiety are common, predictable, normal, a basic emotion –Ongoing excessive worry, nervousness, and anxiety felt intensely and interfering‐could be a disorder –Exaggerated and not appropriate for developmental age, pervasive, out of proportion to the situation at hand‐could be a disorder 3 9/16/2015 Working towards a DEFINITION of: • ANXIETY DISORDERS ‐ –DSM‐IV & V Core Anxiety Criteria •Persistent worry or fear (a required time period) •Significant distress with/without avoidance •Interferes with and results in daily dysfunctionin school, play, home, work, social, developmental milestones •Symptoms are time‐consuming •Exclusion criteria (meds/substance, psychological effects, medical condition) Epidemiology/ Prevalence (HISTORICAL) • General –Infant/toddler 100% –Children 10% –Adolescence 15% –Adults 20% • Females> Males (2:1) • Genetic component Rynnet al. 2011 (6‐18%) “Laughing Tiger” The Magic Years –Understanding and Handling the Problems of Early Childhood Selma Fraiberg, SCRIBNER, 1957 (2008 edition with introduction by T. Berry BrazeltonMD) Jan a 2 year and 8 month old female who “reforms laughing tiger”……”He doesn’t roar. He never scares children. He doesn’t bite. He just laughs. He has to learn to mind.” 4 9/16/2015 Anxiety is Normal (100%) “So there are no ways in which a child can avoid anxiety. If we banished all the witches and ogres from his bed time stories and policed his daily life for every conceivable source of danger, he would still succeed in constructing his own imaginary monsters out of the conflicts of his young life. We do not need to be alarmed about the presence of fears in the small child’s life if the child has the means to overcome them” (p.14) There is a normal developmental process to early infant/toddler anxiety • Protection moves from parent over time to child. Each child’s reaction and defenses to anxiety and fear are specific to them. The more a parent understands and fosters these specific abilities, the more a parent helps their child deal with the fear/anxiety process. Imagination! • “Now there is one place where one can meet a ferocious beast on you own terms and leave victorious. That place is the imagination. It is a matter of individual taste and preference whether the beast should be slain, maimed, banished, or reformed, but no one needs to feel helpless in the presence of imaginary beast when the imagination offers such solutions.” (p. 17) 5 9/16/2015 J. AACAP (49):10 Oct 2010 Great Smoky Mountain Anxiety Study • 1,420 participants from 11 counties in SW North Carolina • 13 year study • Ages 9 to 26 • Ended 2010 • Primary result= 1 in 5 met DSM IV criteria for anxiety disorder by early adulthood (age 26) 6 9/16/2015 Meta‐analysis Anxiety Review 2011 • Costello EJ, et all. The developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders: phenomenology, prevalence, and comorbidity. Anxiety Disorders Children Adolescent 2011: 56‐75 Risk Factors for Anxiety Disorders • Shyness‐temperament trait • Early age significant medical disorder • Family history • Chaos • Overprotection – Connolly & Bernstein 2007 7 9/16/2015 What to look for: • Repeated physical complaints‐headaches, stomachaches, dramatic presentations of pain • Problems falling asleep and multiple awakenings • Eating problems ‐too much or too little • Avoidance • Excessive need for reassurance • Inattention/poor performance • Outburst • Dysfunction or lack of appropriate developmental steps • Anxious parents ANXIETY DISORDERS (FLAVORS) DSM‐IV and V • Separation anxiety disorder • Selective mutism • Specific phobia • Social anxiety disorder (Social Phobia) • Panic Disorder • Agoraphobia • Generalized anxiety disorder Below got their own Chapter in DSM V • Obsessive‐compulsive disorder – Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Hoarding, Trichotillomania, Excoriating Disorder, OCD, others • Posttraumatic stress disorder – Reactive Attachment, Disinhibited social engagement, PTSD, Acute Stress , Adjustment, others Separation Anxiety Disorder Criteria: A,B,C,D (MUST HAVE ALL 4 CRITERIA TO GIVE DIAGNOSIS) (DSM V) • A. Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by at least 3 of the following: 1. Recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separationfrom home or from major attachment figures 2. Persistent and excessive worry about losingmajor attachment figures or about possible harm to them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death 3. Persistent and excessive worry about experiencing an untoward event (i.e.. Kidnapping, etc.) that causes separation from a major attachment figure 4. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go out, away from home, to school, to work, or elsewhere because of fear of separation 5. Persistent and excessive fear of/or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings 6. Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure 7. Repeated nightmaresinvolving the theme of separation 8. Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (i.e.. headaches, stomachaches, etc.) when separation for major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated 8 9/16/2015 Separation Anxiety Disorder Criteria: A,B,C,D (MUST HAVE ALL 4 CRITERIA TO GIVE DIAGNOSIS) (DSM V) • B. Fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults • C. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairmentin social, academic, occupational, or other important areas of functioning • D. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder…….(psychosis, autism, delusional disorder, etc.……..) Separation Anxiety Disorder • Risk factors –Precursor panic disorder, Social Phobia –School refusal –Often come from close‐knit protective families –Parental factor Selective Mutism • Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations (in which there is an expectation for speaking, e. g., at school) despite speaking in other situations. • The disturbance interferes with educational or occupational achievement or with social communication. • The duration of the disturbance is at least 1 month (not limited to the first month of school). • The failure to speak is not due to a lack of knowledge of, or comfort with, the spoken language required in the social situation. • The disturbance is not better accounted for by a Communication Disorder (e. g., Stuttering) and does not occur exclusively in the course of a Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Schizophrenia, or other Psychotic Disorder. 9 9/16/2015 Specific Phobia • Marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable, cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals, receiving an injection, seeing blood). • Exposure to the phobic stimulus almost invariably provokes an immediate anxiety response, which may take the form of a situationally bound or situationally predisposed Panic Attack. – Note: In children, the anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging. • The person recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable. – Note: In children, this feature may be absent. • The phobic situation(s) is avoided or else is endured with intense anxiety or distress. • The avoidance, anxious anticipation, or distress in the feared situation(s) interferes significantly with the person's normal routine, occupational (or academic) functioning, or social activities or relationships, or there is marked distress about having the phobia. • In individuals under age 18 years, the duration is at least 6 months Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) • High risk for depression • High risk substance abuse • High risk school refusal Panic disorder With/without agoraphobia • Understand the difference between anxiety disorder and panic disorder • Can present as anger attacks 10
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