Antiviral Drugs PDF
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Antiviral Drugs Structure of viruses structure of the influenza virus •DNA-viruses: poxviruses, herpes, adenoviruses, papillomaviruses. Contain mostly double-stranded DNA, a small number single-stranded DNA. DNA viruses enter the cell nucleus and direct the generation of new viruses. •RNA-viruses: influenza, measles, mumps, cold, meningitis, poliomyelitis, retroviruses (AIDS, T-cell leukemia), arenaviruses. Contain largely single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). RNA viruses do not enter the cell nucleus (except the influenza virus). RNA retroviruses uses the viral reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy of the viral RNA, which is then integrated into the host genome. Types of viruses Types of important viruses Table 2 Classification of animal viruses with DNA genomes Virus family Capsid shape Envelope Virion size (nm) DNA DNA length (kbp) Example Andenoviruses Icosahedral No 80 ds 36 Human adenovirus Herpesviruses Icosahedral Yes 200 ds 130–230 Herpes simplex virus Poxviruses Complex Yes 300 ds 130–280 Smallpox virus Papovaviruses Icosahedral No 45–60 ds 5–8 Human papillomavirus Parvoviruses Icosahedral No 22 ss 5kb Canine parvovirus Hepadnaviruses Icosahedral Yes 42 ds 3 Hepatitis B virus ds, double stranded; ss, single-stranded. Table 3 Classification of selected animal viruses with RNA genomes Virus family Capsid shape Envelope Virion size (nm) RNA RNA length (kb) Example Picornaviruses Icosahedral No 27 ss; pos 7 Poliovirus Togaviruses Icosahedral Yes 70 ss; pos 12 Equine encephalitis virus Flaviviruses Icosahedral Yes 45 ss; pos 11 Yellow fever virus Bunyaviruses Helical Yes 100 ss; neg 14 Hantavirus Orthomyxoviruses Helical Yes 100 ss; neg 14 Influenza virus Paramyxoviruses Helical Yes 120–250 ss; neg 15 Measles virus Rhabdoviruses Helical Yes 80 × 180 ss; neg 11 Rabies virus Filoviruses Helical Yes Long filaments ss; neg 13 Ebola virus Retroviruses Icosahedral Yes 90 ss; pos 9 HIV Reoviruses Icosahedral Yes 80 ds 23kbp Human rotavirus HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ds, double-stranded; ss, single-stranded; neg, negative; pos, positive. Virus Structure Rabiesvirus (Tollwut) Poxvirus Mumpsvirus Poxvirus T-virus Coliphage Herpes Simplex Lambda Adenovirus HIV Influenzavirus upper respiratory infections Tobacco Mosaic Simian Rhino The structure of viruses tobacco virus Herpes simplex capsid Some disturbing figures about AIDS...(2013) AIDS infected in 2000 In 2015, it was estimated that 36.7 million people lived with the disease worldwide, and that AIDS killed an estimated 1.1 million people in 2015, including 210,000 children Lifetime risk of dying of AIDS for 15-year-old boys Regional HIV and AIDS statistics and features (cid:95) 2012 Adults and children Adults and children Adult prevalence Adult & child living with HIV newly infected with HIV (15(cid:3013)49) [%] deaths due to AIDS 25.0 million 1.6 million 4.7% 1.2 million Sub-Saharan Africa [23.5 million –26.6 million] [1.4 million –1.8 million] [4.4% –5.0%] [1.1 million –1.3 million] 260 000 32 000 0.1% 17 000 Middle East and North Africa [200 000 –380 000] [22 000 –47 000] [0.1% –0.2%] [12 000 –26 000] 3.9 million 270 000 0.3% 220 000 South and South-East Asia [2.9 million –5.2 million] [160 000 –440 000] [0.2% –0.4%] [150 000 –310 000] 880 000 81 000 <0.1% 41 000 East Asia [650 000 –1.2 million] [34 000 –160 000] [<0.1% –0.1%] [25 000 –64 000] 1.5 million 86 000 0.4% 52 000 Latin America [1.2 million –1.9 million] [57 000 –150 000] [0.3% –0.5%] [35 000 –75 000] 250 000 12 000 1.0% 11 000 Caribbean [220 000 –280 000] [9400 –14 000] [0.9% –1.1%] [9400 –14 000] 1.3 million 130 000 0.7% 91 000 Eastern Europe and Central Asia [1.0 million –1.7 million] [89 000 –190 000] [0.6% –1.0%] [66 000 –120 000] 860 000 29 000 0.2% 7600 Western and Central Europe [800 000 –930 000] [25 000 –35 000] [0.2% –0.2%] [6900 –8300] 1.3 million 48 000 0.5% 20 000 North America [980 000 –1.9 million] [15 000 –100 000] [0.4% –0.8%] [16 000 –27 000] 51 000 2100 0.2% 1200 Oceania [43 000 –59 000] [1500 –2700] [0.2% –0.3%] [<1000 –1800] 35.3 million 2.3 million 0.8% 1.6 million TOTAL [32.2 million –38.8 million] [1.9 million –2.7 million] [0.7% -0.9%] [1.4 million –1.9 million] The ranges around the estimates in this table define the boundaries within which the actual numbers lie, based on the best available information. Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV (cid:95) 2012 Eastern Europe Western & & Central Asia Central Europe 1.3 million 860 000 North America [800 000 –930 000] [1.0 million –1.7 million] 1.3 million East Asia [980 000 –1.9 million] 880 000 [650 000 –1.2 million] Middle East & North Africa Caribbean 260 000 250 000 [200 000 –380 000] South & South-East Asia [220 000 –280 000] 3.9 million [2.9 million –5.2 million] Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America 25.0 million 1.5 million [23.5 million –26.6 million] Oceania [1.2 million –1.9 million] 51 000 [43 000 –59 000] Total: 35.3 million [32.2 million – 38.8 million] Estimated adult and child deaths from AIDS (cid:95) 2012 Eastern Europe Western & & Central Asia Central Europe 91 000 7600 North America [6900 –8300] [66 000 –120 000] 20 000 East Asia [16 000 –27 000] 41 000 [25 000 –64 000] Middle East & North Africa Caribbean 17 000 11 000 [12 000 –26 000] South & South-East Asia [9400 –14 000] 220 000 [150 000 –310 000] Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America 1.2 million 52 000 [1.1 million –1.3 million] Oceania [35 000 –75 000] 1200 [<1000 –1800] Total: 1.6 million [1.4 million – 1.9 million]
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