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ANTIVIRAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL SMART COATINGS ANTIVIRAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL SMART COATINGS Fundamentals and Applications Edited by ADITYA KUMAR Department of Chemical Engineering,Indian Institute of Technology(IIT-ISM)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India AJIT BEHERA Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, NationalInstitute of Technology,Rourkela,Odisha, India TUAN ANH NGUYEN Institute for TropicalTechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam MUHAMMAD BILAL Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, PoznanUniversity of Technology, Poznan, Poland RAM K. GUPTA Department of Chemistry,Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS, UnitedStates Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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ISBN:978-0-323-99291-6 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionsEditor:StephenJones EditorialProjectManager:FranchezcaA.Cabural ProductionProjectManager:MariaBernard CoverDesigner:ChristianBilbow TypesetbySTRAIVE,India Contributors MuhammadAamir FunctionalNanomaterialsLaboratory(FNL),DepartmentofChemistry,MirpurUniversity ofScienceandTechnology(MUST),Mirpur(AJK),Pakistan K.Abhitha DepartmentofPolymerScienceandRuberTechnology;InterUniversityCentrefor NanomaterialsandDevices,CUSAT,Kochi,India BilalAhmad DepartmentofHorticulture,MNS-UniversityofAgriculture,Multan,Pakistan JaveedAkhtar FunctionalNanomaterialsLaboratory(FNL),DepartmentofChemistry,MirpurUniversity ofScienceandTechnology(MUST),Mirpur(AJK),Pakistan MehvishAshiq DepartmentofChemistry,TheWomenUniversityMultan,Multan,Pakistan SukeshKumarBajire DivisionofMicrobiologyandBiotechnology,YenepoyaResearchCentre,Yenepoya (DeemedtobeUniversity),Mangalore,Karnataka,India KiranBala SchoolofBiotechnology,UniversityofJammu;DepartmentofBiotechnology, GGMScienceCollege,Jammu,India HamedBarabadi DepartmentofPharmaceuticalBiotechnology,SchoolofPharmacy,ShahidBeheshti UniversityofMedicalSciences,Tehran,Iran AjitBehera DepartmentofMetallurgical&MaterialsEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology, Rourkela,India MadhulikaBhagat SchoolofBiotechnology,UniversityofJammu,Jammu,India ImanKhosraviBigdeli DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,ShahidChamran UniversityofAhvaz,Ahvaz,Iran NegarBozorgchami DepartmentofPharmaceuticalBiotechnology,SchoolofPharmacy,ShahidBeheshti UniversityofMedicalSciences,Tehran,Iran LorenaCornejo-Ponce DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofTarapaca, Avda,GeneralVelasquez,Arica,Chile xi xii Contributors VibhaDevi DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyRoorkee,Roorkee; DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology(IndianSchoolof Mines)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India V.Devika DepartmentofChemistry,AmritaVishwaVidyapeetham,Amritapuri,Kollam,Kerala,India AbhishekS.Dhoble SchoolofBiochemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology(BHU),Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India A.Geetha DepartmentofPhysicsandNanotechnology,SRMInstituteofScienceandTechnology, Kattankulathur,TamilNadu,India AbdulGhaffar DepartmentofBiochemistry,GovernmentCollegeUniversity,Faisalabad,Pakistan SougataGhosh DepartmentofPhysics,FacultyofScience,KasetsartUniversity,Bangkok,Thailand; DepartmentofMicrobiology,SchoolofScience,RKUniversity,Rajkot,Gujarat,India NellaiahHariharan BangaloreBiotechLabsPrivateLimited(BiOZEEN),Bangalore,India UzmaJabeen FacultyofBasicSciences,SardarBahadurKhanWomen’sUniversity,Quetta,Pakistan MuhammadJahangeer FoodandBiotechnologyResearchCenter,PCSIRLaboratoriesComplex,FerozpurRoad, Lahore,Pakistan HoneyJohn DepartmentofPolymerScienceandRuberTechnology;InterUniversityCentrefor NanomaterialsandDevices,CUSAT,Kochi,India RenjithP.Johnson PolymerNanobiomaterialResearchLaboratory,YenepoyaResearchCentre,Yenepoya (DeemedtobeUniversity),Mangalore,Karnataka,India KuruvillaJoseph DepartmentofChemistry,IndianInstituteofSpaceScienceandTechnology,Valiyamala, Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala,India SherinJoseph DepartmentofPolymerScienceandRuberTechnology,CUSAT,Kochi,India KamyarJounaki DepartmentofPharmaceuticalBiotechnology,SchoolofPharmacy,ShahidBeheshti UniversityofMedicalSciences,Tehran,Iran Contributors xiii AdityaKumar DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology(IndianSchoolof Mines)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India PreetiKumari DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology(IndianSchoolof Mines)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India JeeteshKushwaha SchoolofBiochemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology(BHU),Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India MeegleS.Mathew SchoolofEnergyMaterials,MahatmaGandhiUniversity,Kerala,India ShaliniMohan DepartmentofBiotechnology,KalasalingamAcademyofResearchandEducation, Srivilliputhur,India HamedMorad DepartmentofPharmaceutics,FacultyofPharmacy,MazandaranUniversityofMedical Sciences,Sari;RamsarCampus,MazandaranUniversityofMedicalSciences,Ramsar, Iran EbrahimMostafavi StanfordCardiovascularInstitute;DepartmentofMedicine,StanfordUniversitySchool ofMedicine,Stanford,CA,UnitedStates BushraMunir InstituteofChemistry,UniversityofSargodha,Sargodha,Pakistan LakshmananMuthulakshmi DepartmentofBiotechnology,KalasalingamAcademyofResearchandEducation, Srivilliputhur,India EhsanNazarzadehZare SchoolofChemistry,DamghanUniversity,Damghan,Iran RekhaPachaiappan DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofTarapaca, Avda,GeneralVelasquez,Arica,Chile KailashPatiPandey SchoolofBiochemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology(BHU),Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India MukeshPasupuleti DivisionofMicrobiology,CentralDrugResearchInstitute,Lucknow,India AnmiyaPeter DepartmentofPolymerScienceandRuberTechnology,CUSAT,Kochi,India xiv Contributors ElahehPishgahzadeh DepartmentofPharmaceuticalBiotechnology,SchoolofPharmacy,ShahidBeheshti UniversityofMedicalSciences,Tehran,Iran MadhumitaPriyadarsini SchoolofBiochemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology(BHU),Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India SarmadAhmadQamar DepartmentofBiochemistry,UniversityofAgriculture,Faisalabad,Pakistan VincentFemilaaRajan DepartmentofSustainableEnergyManagement,StellaMarisCollege(Autonomous), Chennai,TamilNadu,India JyotiRani SchoolofBiochemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology(BHU),Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India SandhyaSadanandan DepartmentofChemistry,SchoolofAdvancedSciences,VIT-APUniversity,Amaravati, AndhraPradesh,India HinaSahar InstituteofChemicalSciences,BahauddinZakariyaUniversity,Multan,Pakistan PrakashKumarSahoo DepartmentofChemistry,CenturionUniversityofTechnologyandManagement,Gajapati, Odisha,India FatemehSalimi DepartmentofCellularandMolecularBiology,SchoolofBiology,DamghanUniversity, Damghan,Iran SandeshG.Sanjeeva PolymerNanobiomaterialResearchLaboratory,YenepoyaResearchCentre,Yenepoya (DeemedtobeUniversity),Mangalore,Karnataka,India AppukuttanSaritha DepartmentofChemistry,AmritaVishwaVidyapeetham,Amritapuri,Kollam,Kerala,India BishwarupSarkar CollegeofScience,NortheasternUniversity,Boston,MA,UnitedStates M.RehanH.ShahGilani InstituteofChemicalSciences,BahauddinZakariyaUniversity,Multan,Pakistan RajeshP.Shastry DivisionofMicrobiologyandBiotechnology,YenepoyaResearchCentre,Yenepoya (DeemedtobeUniversity),Mangalore,Karnataka,India YashpalSingh SchoolofBiochemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology(BHU),Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India Contributors xv ApurbaSinhamahapatra DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology(IndianSchoolof Mines)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India M.M.Sreejaya DepartmentofChemistry,AmritaVishwaVidyapeetham,Amritapuri,Kollam,Kerala,India P.J.Sreelekshmi DepartmentofChemistry,AmritaVishwaVidyapeetham,Amritapuri,Kollam,Kerala,India Srishti DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology(IndianSchoolof Mines)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India SabuThomas SchoolofEnergyMaterials,MahatmaGandhiUniversity,Kerala,India SirikanjanaThongmee DepartmentofPhysics,FacultyofScience,KasetsartUniversity,Bangkok,Thailand HosseinVahidi DepartmentofPharmaceuticalBiotechnology,SchoolofPharmacy,ShahidBeheshti UniversityofMedicalSciences,Tehran,Iran KushalYadav DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology(IndianSchoolof Mines)Dhanbad,Dhanbad,Jharkhand,India MahdiYeganeh DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,ShahidChamran UniversityofAhvaz,Ahvaz,Iran