antiviral and antibacterial screening of some nigerian medicinal plant extracts

242 Pages·2013·5.49 MB·English

ANTIVIRAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL SCREENING OF
SOME NIGERIAN MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS
Thesis submitted for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
at the University of Leicester
BY
Ayuba Caleb Kudi d.v.m (ABU)
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
University of Leicester
September 2000
UMI Number: U533505
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this dissertation was written by me and it is a record of
my own work. It has not been presented before in any previous application for
a Doctor of Philosophy degree. References made to published literature have
been duly acknowledged.
DEDICATION
To Mum and Dad
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty God for being my
sufficiency in all things. His mercy, protection, leading, wisdom, love and
grace made it possible for this project to be carried out. Great is His
faithfulness!
My thanks and gratitude goes to my supervisor, Prof. Steven H. Myint for his
guidance, understanding, criticisms, correction and encouragement in seeing
to the success of this work. I also acknowledge the assistance of Prof. Bill
Grant, who stepped in when Prof. Myint left and took the time to go through
the thesis, page by page, making valuable corrections and suggestions.
My special thanks and appreciation to Dr Primrose Freestone, without whom
this project will not have been completed, for giving her time and assistance
during the determination of the active products in the extracts. To my
colleagues in Lab 125 in the persons of Mrs. Stephanie Euden, Andrew
Kurdzeil, Nigel Cook, Sarah Strugnell, Joseph Lu, Manar Moneef, Tony
Maggs, Simon Kilvington, Gary Pinch, I say thanks for all your help,
encouragement and for making my stay at Leicester a memorable one.
I acknowledge the support of my wife and son during the course of this study
especially for their prayers, patience and understanding. To my brother, Dr
J.K.Audu, I say thanks for all the support and encouragement rendered.
I acknowledge with thanks the help of the traditional healers, in the persons
of Mallam Ibrahim, Baba Tula, Alhaji Maikano, and Mallam Sabo, for letting
me into the secret of their art and showing me most of the plants used in this
study. I thank the Botany Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University,
Bauchi, Nigeria, for confirming the identification of the plants collected for this
study. I acknowledge with thanks also, the assistance of Demo Kalla, Yayok
Micah, Haruna Nma, Poulina Daniel, Jemima Karibo and Sabo Abubakar for
their help in collecting, grinding and packing the plant samples. I also
appreciate the help rendered by friends including Mr. And Mrs. Samaila
Gadzama, Mr. And Mrs. Kiriya Karibo, Dr and Mrs. Adawa, Pastor Tunde
Ishiaka, Mr. And Mrs. Emmanuel Oladipo, Dr (Rev) and Mrs. Rueben
Danladi, Rev Paul Basset and all those too numerous to mention.
Finally I want to thank the World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program for
providing most of the funding to undertake this project.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION I
Page
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 TRADITIONAL HERBAL REMEDIES 1
1.2 TRADITIONAL MEDICAL AND VETERINARY MEDICAL
PRACTICE IN NIGERIA 6
1.2.1 Status of Traditional Medicine in Africa 8
1.2.2 Status of Traditional Veterinary Medicine in Africa 9
1.2.3 Traditional Methods of Animal Disease Prevention and
Control in African Savannah 10
1.2.3.1 Ethnoveterinary Medicine in Nigeria 12
1.3 CONTROL OF VIRAL INFECTION 16
1.3.1 Limitation of the use of vaccines 16
1.3.2 Chemotherapy 17
1.3.3 Phytochemotherapy 20
1.3.4 Monoclonal antibody conjugate and similar approaches. 21
1.4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIVIRAL AGENTS FROM
PLANTS 23
1.4.1 Selection, Collection and Identification of Medicinal
Plants 24
1.4.1.1 Selection and Collection of Medicinal Plants 24
1.4.2 Screening of Higher Plants for Antiviral Activity 26
1.4.2.1 Test Organism and Host Cells 27
1.4.2.2 Antiviral Testing 28
1.5 THE CHOICE AND USE OF PLANT MATERIALS 31
1.5.1 Introduction 31
1.5.1 Plant Extract and Purified Compounds 31
1.5.3 Evaluation of crude extract-pitfall and Benefits 32
1.6 AIMS OF THIS STUDY 35
1.6.1. Justification 35
1.6.2 Specific Aims 36
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CHAPTER TWO: INTRIPUCTION II
2.0 MEDICINAL PLANTS 37
2.1 ETHNOBOTANY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS SELECTED FROM
NIGERIA 37
2.1.1 Anacardium occidentale {L) 37
2.1.2 Boswelia dalzeilii (L) 39
2.1.3 Sterculia setigera (Del.) 40
2.0.4 Anogeissus schimperi (Gull & Per.) 42
2.1.5 Bauhania reticulata (Schum.) 43
2.1.6 Guiera senegalensis (J.F.Gmel.) 44
2.1.7 Ziziphus spinachristi (Wild) 45
2.1.8 Cassia garatensis (L) 46
2.1.9 Detarium senegalensis (Gmel.) 47
2.1.10 Khaya senegalensis (A. Juss) 48
2.1.11 Butyrospermum parkii (L) 50
2.1.12 Psidium guajava 51
2.1.13 Dichrostachys glomerata (Chiev.) 52
2.2 NAPRALERT PROFILE FOR PLANTS WITH ANTIVIRAL
AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY 54
2.2.1 Anacardium occidentals 55
2.2.1. Sterculia setigera 59
2.2.1 Anogeissus schimperi 60
2.2.4 Boswelia dalzeilii 61
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