Antisocial Behavior: Causes, Correlations and Treatments

212 Pages·2011·2.13 MB·English

by  Rebecca M. Clarke

PSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTIONS, MOTIVATIONS AND ACTIONS

A B : C ,
NTISOCIAL EHAVIOR AUSES
CORRELATIONS AND TREATMENTS

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PSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTIONS, MOTIVATIONS
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PSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTIONS, MOTIVATIONS AND ACTIONS

A B : C ,
NTISOCIAL EHAVIOR AUSES
CORRELATIONS AND TREATMENTS

REBECCA M. CLARKE
EDITOR

Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
New York
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Antisocial behavior : causes, correlations and treatments / editor, Rebecca
M. Clarke.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-61324-750-1 (eBook)
1. Antisocial personality disorders. 2. Antisocial personality
disorders--Treatment. I. Clarke, Rebecca M.
RC555.A56 2010
616.85'82--dc22
2010043928

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii
Chapter 1 Burden of Syndromal Antisocial Behavior in Adulthood 1
Risë B. Goldstein, and Bridget F. Grant
Chapter 2 Antisocial Behavior in Children with ADHD: Causes and Treatment 75
Efrosini Kalyva
Chapter 3 Vicious Dog Ownership: Is it a Thin Slice of Antisocial
Personality? 93
Laurie L. Ragatz, Allison M. Schenk and William J. Fremouw
Chapter 4 Adolescent Substance Use Disorder and Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder: A Literature Review 105
Robert Eme
Chapter 5 Perverted Justice: A Content Analysis of the Language Used by
Offenders Detected Attempting to Solicit Children for Sex 119
Vincent Egan, James Hoskinson and David Shewan
Chapter 6 Is Developmentally Informed Therapy for Persons with ID and
Criminal Personality/Offenses Relevant? 135
Lino Faccini
Chapter 7 Cocaine-Dependent Patients with Antisocial Personality Disorder,
Cocaine-Dependence, and Treatment Outcomes 141
Nena Messina, David Farabee and Richard Rawson
Chapter 8 Delinquency and Antisocial Behaviour among High Risk Young
People in Adolescence 165
Patrick McCrystal and Kareena McAloney
Index 189

PREFACE

This new book presents topical research in the study of antisocial behavior. Topics
discussed include preventive and therapeutic interventions targeting antisociality; antisocial
behavior in children with ADHD; vicious dog ownership and antisocial personality; cocaine-
dependent patients with antisocial personality disorder and delinquency and antisocial
behavior among at risk adolescents.
Chapter 1 - Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) affects 3% to 5% of adults in the
general population of the United States and Canada. It is associated with substantial burden
on affected individuals, their families, and society, both in its own right and because of its
high comorbidity with medical illnesses and injuries as well as a broad range of other
psychiatric disorders, notably including substance use disorders. Diagnostic criteria for ASPD
under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III),
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition - Revised (DSM-
III-R), and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-
IV) require both conduct disorder (CD) with onset before age 15 years, and a persistent
pattern of aggressive, irresponsible, impulsive, and remorseless behaviors thereafter.
However, many individuals with syndromal antisocial behavior in adulthood do not report
enough symptoms to meet criteria for CD before age 15 (adult antisocial behavioral
syndrome, or AABS). AABS is not a codable DSM-IV diagnosis. Nevertheless, while
individuals with AABS display fewer antisocial symptoms, and in particular fewer violent
symptoms, in adulthood than those with ASPD, these 2 groups differ little on antisocial
symptom profiles in adulthood, many forms of psychiatric and general medical comorbidity,
and, among addiction treatment clients, substance use histories. This chapter reviews what is
known about the comorbidity of antisocial behavioral syndromes in adulthood with other
psychiatric disorders and general medical conditions, including similarities and differences
between individuals with ASPD and those with AABS and the relationships of comorbid
antisociality to the clinical presentation of co-occurring conditions. Gaps in current
knowledge, including mechanisms underlying comorbidity and its associations with clinical
presentation, implications for clinical care of comorbid individuals, and burdens on persons
besides antisocial adults that are specifically attributable to antisocial syndromes, will be
highlighted and directions for future research will be suggested. Implications for the
development and prioritization of preventive and therapeutic interventions targeting
antisociality across the lifespan will be discussed.
viii Rebecca M. Clarke
Chapter 2 - Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent disorder
among school aged children and adolescents worldwide. Many children and adolescents with
ADHD exhibit antisocial behavior that usually takes the form of aggression or conduct
disorder. This chapter starts with definitions of ADHD and antisocial behaviors, while it
reviews recent studies on the aetiology of this behavior. Since genes and physiology alone do
not determine behavior, emphasis will be placed also on the role that the environment plays in
creating and shaping certain antisocial behaviors. There will be reference to academic and
social underachievement that may trigger antisocial behavior in children and young adults
with ADHD, as well as other family factors. The last part of the chapter will focus on
interventions that can effectively address the antisocial behavior of children and adolescents
with ADHD and involve not only individuals, but also their families and their communities.
Chapter 3 - The concept of ―thin slice‖ suggests that a person‘s personality can be
predicted from just observing a fragment of his or her behavior. For instance, Fowler,
Lilienfeld, and Patrick (2009) had 40 graduate and undergraduate students rate the degree to
which individuals exhibited traits of psychopathy and other personality disorders in 5, 10, and
20 second video clips. Hare (2003) described psychopathy as having two key components:
Factor 1 (e.g., superficial charm, callousness, remorselessness, grandiosity) and Factor 2 (e.g.,
parasitic lifestyle, lack of responsibility, impulsiveness, versatility in criminal acts). The
construct of psychopathy has been found to be predictive of committing violent crimes upon
release from prison (Porter, Birt, & Boer, 2001; Serin & Amos, 1995), committing
disciplinary infractions in prison (Edens, Poythress, Lilienfeld, & Patrick, 2008), and a
greater likelihood of recidivism (Hare, Clark, Grann, & Thornton, 2000). All the respondents
for the Fowler et al. study used a Likert scale to provide ―thin slice‖ ratings on the individual
in the video. The researchers demonstrated that the ―thin slice‖ ratings provided for the
psychopathy items were significantly correlated with several measures of psychopathy
(Psychopathy Checklist-Revised [PCL-R; Hare, 1991; 2003], Interpersonal Measure of
Psychopathy [Kossen, Steuerwald, Forth, & Kirkhart, 1997]). Moreover, ―thin slice‖
psychopathy ratings were significantly correlated with scores on the PCL-R when raters
watched a five second video, but not when raters watched a 10 or 20 second video. Also,
ratings provided by individuals that viewed videos without audio were more highly correlated
with PCL-R scores than were audio only clips or clips that included both audio and picture
video. In addition to predictions of psychopathy, thin slice behavior has been found to be
predictive of intelligence scale scores (Borkenam, Mauer, Riemann, Spinath, & Angleitner,
2004), personality test scores (Borkenam et al., 2004), job performance evaluation ratings
(Hecht & LaFrance, 1995), and teacher evaluation ratings (Babad, Avni-Babad, & Rosenthal,
2004). Could a ―thin slice‖ of behavior, such as dog ownership, give us some clue about an
individual‘s broader personality? Do certain individuals select to own dogs that are more
likely to be aggressive?
Chapter 4 - Substance use disorder (SUD) among adolescents is a widespread,
devastating public health problem, and is associated with the leading causes of death among
youth under 21 (Becker & Curry, 2008). In addition, it is a major factor in delinquency with
most of the $244.1 million spent by the federal government for juvenile detention and
corrections, and for delinquency prevention, mentoring, and reentry programs, being spent on
substance-involved youth (Califano, 2009). Despite these consequences, only 10% of
adolescents with SUD receive treatment and more than 50% of those who are treated drop out
or terminate with unsatisfactory progress (Becker & Curry, 2008). For example, in the largest
Preface ix
psychosocial treatment study to date of adolescents with SUD, the Cannabis Youth Treatment
Study (CYT), only 25% were in recovery at a 1-year follow up, defined as no substance use
or dependence problems and living in the community (Dennis et al., 2004; Perepletichikova,
Krystal, & Kaufman, 2008). This review will propose that these bleak outcomes may be due
in no small measure to the failure to identify and properly treat one of the unique needs of
adolescents with SUD - comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
[Volkow, 2009]. As the review will document, an astonishing 50% of adolescents in
treatment for SUD are co-morbid for ADHD and this co-morbidity is associated with an
earlier onset of SUD, more severe and longer duration of SUD, more difficulty remaining in
treatment, and a greater likelihood of relapse after treatment (Chan, Dennis, & Funk, 2008;
Hawkins, 2009; Wilens, 2008a; Wilens et al., 2007a). Hence it is critically important that
practitioners understand the relationship between SUD and ADHD in adolescents since co-
occuring disorders present serious challenges to traditional mental health and substance abuse
treatments systems for adolescents (Hawkins, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to provide
such an understanding with implications for treatment. It will do so by first establishing the
prevalence of ADHD among adolescents in treatment for SUD. Second, it will discuss the
mechanisms whereby ADHD increases the risk for SUD. Third, it will provide treatment
recommendations that are informed by the prior discussion. Lastly, it should be noted that
given the vastness of the literature on SUD and ADHD and given that the goal of the review
is to be broadly synthetic, the paper will draw on findings of authoritative critical reviews as
well as individual studies. Also, since substantial data indicate that substance abuse and
substance dependence are best conceptualized as reflecting differences in substance-problem
severity on a unidimensional continuum rather than distinct categories, SUD will be the
nosological rubric employed to designate this conception (Martin, Chung, & Langenbucher,
2008).
Chapter 5 - This study explored the language used by offenders soliciting sexual
activities with children within Internet chat-rooms. Relational content analysis classified the
linguistic content by which offenders sought to engage young persons. Eight recurrent themes
encompassed the cognitions of an on-line sexual offender: ‗implicit/explicit content‘, ‗on-line
solicitation‘, ‗fixated discourse‘, ‗use of colloquialisms‘, ‗conscience‘, ‗acknowledgement of
illegal/immoral behaviour‘, ‗minimising risk of detection‘, and ‗preparing to meet offline‘.
The language indicated increased risk-taking behaviours of the offender, which countered the
anonymity chat-rooms otherwise provide. Minimising risk of detection seemed unimportant
and offenders arranged off-line meetings with little caution. Electronic anonymity may give
offenders false confidence, and so encourage persons to extend on-line and virtual risk-taking
into to the real world.
Chapter 6 - Initially, the ―Reconstructive Therapy‖ of Dr. Jerome Schulte, focused on the
treatment of the homicidal psychotic patient. After decades of treatment applying this model
with a variety of offenses, Dr. Schulte believed that it could be applied to understand and treat
the ―Criminal Personality‖, various offenses as well as treating non-clinical populations of
children, adolescents and adults. The goal of therapy became one of promoting personal
growth and humanness through the positive resolution of Ericksonian stages. The question
remains if the successful resolution of Erickson‘s Psychosocial stages is relevant to the
functioning of a Person with an Intellectual Disability, and Criminal Offenses? A theoretical
and initial exploratory analysis suggests that the Reconstructive Therapy model can be
relevant to the treatment for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) and various offenses.