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ANTIOXIDANT-BASED THERAPIES FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT ANTIOXIDANT-BASED THERAPIES FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT Edited by Pallavi Singh Chauhan, PhD Sonia Johri, PhD First edition published 2022 Apple Academic Press Inc. CRC Press 1265 Goldenrod Circle, NE, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Palm Bay, FL 32905 USA Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 USA 4164 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, ON, L7L 1A4 Canada Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN UK © 2022 Apple Academic Press, Inc. Apple Academic Press exclusively co-publishes with CRC Press, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Antioxidant-based therapies for disease prevention and management / edited by Pallavi Singh Chauhan, PhD, Sonia Johri, PhD. Names: Chauhan, Pallavi Singh, editor. | Johri, Sonia, editor. Description: First edition. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20210242795 | Canadiana (ebook) 20210242884 | ISBN 9781771889643 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781774639092 (softcover) | ISBN 9781003129585 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Antioxidants—Therapeutic use. Classification: LCC RB170 .A55 2022 | DDC 616.07—dc23 Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Chauhan, Pallavi Singh, 1989- editor. | Johri, Sonia, 1971- editor. Title: Antioxidant-based therapies for disease prevention and management / edited by Pallavi Singh Chauhan, PhD, Sonia Johri, PhD. Description: First edition. | Palm Bay, FL : Apple Academic Press, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This volume, Antioxidant-Based Therapies for Disease Prevention and Management, presents a valuable overview of the therapeutic aspects as well as applications of antioxidants. This informative book discusses the basic mechanisms of therapy- based oxidative damage and categorization of nutritional antioxidants. It covers the sources of antioxidants as well as their extraction and quantification. The volume considers the controversies of the usefulness or disadvantages of antioxidant supplementation in relation to adaptation and performance and also looks at the effectiveness of bioactives and antioxidant- based therapies for specific health issues, such as anemia, infectious diseases, urinary tract infections, Parkinson’s diseases, and diabetes. The book also discusses the sensing of oxidative stress and the effectiveness of antioxidant treatment, followed by an introduction to several biomarkers to estimate the bioefficacy of dietary/supplemental antioxidants in various forms. Also discussed are free radicals that can cause oxidative stress, a process that can trigger cell damage, and how antioxidant molecules have been shown to counteract oxidative stress in laboratory experiments (for example, in cells or animal studies). Several authors present studies that highlight that high-dose antioxidant supplements may be harmful in some cases. For example, the results of some studies have linked the use of high-dose beta-carotene supplements to an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers and use of high-dose vitamin E supplements to increased risks of hemorrhagic stroke (a type of stroke caused by bleeding in the brain) and prostate cancer. With this book, sports nutrition scientists, nutritionists, food biochemists, advisors, physiologists, students, and research scholars as well as faculty will find factual information on antioxidative therapies”-- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2021028092 (print) | LCCN 2021028093 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771889643 (hardback) | ISBN 9781774639092 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003129585 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Antioxidants--Therapeutic use. Classification: LCC RB170 .A56 2022 (print) | LCC RB170 (ebook) | DDC 613.2/86--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021028092 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021028093 ISBN: 978-1-77188-964-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-77463-909-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-00312-958-5 (ebk) About the Editors Pallavi Singh Chauhan, PhD Pallavi Singh Chauhan, PhD, is Assistant Professor at the Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, India, as well as a researcher. Her research focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and multiple biomedical application of nanoparticles. The major fields of science that are relevant to Dr. Chauhan’s work include nanotechnology, nanobioscience, biomedical application of nanotechnology, nanotoxicity, magnetic nanostructures, nanocatalysts, and nanoparticle systems of metals and metal oxides. Sonia Johri, PhD Sonia Johri, PhD, is Dean of Academics and an Associate Professor in the Department of Life Sciences at ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. She has over 40 papers to her credit in journals of national and international repute. She is an external member of the Board of Studies in Biochemistry at Jiwaji University. She is also a member of the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee at ITM University, Gwalior. She has authored a book entitled Practical Biochemistry, and she is a reviewer for various national and international journals. She is a life member of the Indian Science Congress Association. Dr. Johri has 23 years of research experience and has worked extensively in the diversified fields of metal toxicity, anemia, hepatoprotection, oxidative stress, and biofuels. Though there is vast diversification in her field, she holds expertise in toxicological evaluation of metal toxicants and their therapy in rat models, phytomedicine, oxida tive stress, physicochemical characterization of natural products as well as in vitro and in vivo biochemical characterization. She has also worked on bioethanol production from agro-wastes. Her field of specialization vi About the Editors is diagnostic enzymology. She has attended and presented her work at various international conferences held at Munich, Germany, and Quebec City, Canada. Dr. Johri is a postgraduate in Biochemistry and was awarded her doctoral degree from Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India. Her postdoc toral research was sponsored by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India. Contents Contributors ......................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... xi Foreword ............................................................................................................ xiii Preface .................................................................................................................xv Introduction ....................................................................................................... xvii Acknowledgment ................................................................................................ xix 1. Nano‑Antioxidants, A Next‑Generation Therapeutic Strategy ............... 1 Pallavi Singh Chauhan, Shivam Tayal, and Namrata Jha 2. Role of Phytomedicine in the Challenges to Combat Anemia ............... 21 Sonia Johri 3. Role of Free Radicals during Infection and the Advancement of Antioxidants to Improve the Treatment of Infectious Diseases ............ 53 Manitosh Pandey, Sonia Johri, and Sakshi Talwar 4. Role of Antioxidants in Diabetes .............................................................. 77 Lalita Kushwah, Rupali Dutt, GBKS Prasad, and D. K. Sharma 5. Extraction and Quantification of Antioxidants ...................................... 97 Neha Chauhan and Surbhi Antarkar 6. Comparative Estimation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Components with Special Reference to Urinary Tract Infection .......................................................................... 127 Pallavi Singh Chauhan, Anuj Dubey, and Sonia Johri 7. Citrus Fruits and Their By‑Products, Power House of Remedial Antioxidants............................................................................ 145 Hradesh Rajput, Pratistha Srivastava, and Rita Sharma 8. Antioxidative Defense System in Plants ................................................... 183 Renu Yadav, Minerva Sharma, Portia Sharma, and Udita Tiwari 9. Bryophytes, An Extensive Source of Antioxidants ..................................203 Prachi Dixit viii Contents 10. Natural Antioxidants in the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease ........ 221 Ekta Khare 11. Oxidative Stress and Parkinson’s Diseases, A Role of Current Therapies ...................................................................... 239 Kavita Singh, Aarshi Vashistha, and GBKS Prasad 12. Solanum lycopersicum, a Reservoir of Antioxidants ............................... 253 Madhu Parmar, Hradesh Rajput, and Sonia Johri Index ................................................................................................................. 269 Contributors Surbhi Antarkar Department of Life Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Neha Chauhan Department of Life Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, India Pallavi Singh Chauhan Department of Life Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Prachi Dixit School of Sciences, ITM University Gwalior, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Anuj Dubey Department of Chemistry, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Rupali Dutt School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India Namrata Jha School of Life Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Sonia Johri Department of Life Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, India Ekta Khare School of Pharmacy, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Lalita Kushwah School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India Madhu Parmar Department of Life Sciences ITM University Gwalior M.P. India GBKS Prasad Centre for Translational Research, School of studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Hradesh Rajput Department of Food Technology, ITM University, Gwalior, India Sakshi Talwar Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India Shivam Tayal School of Pharmacy, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India D. K. Sharma Department of Zoology, Government Model Science College, Gwalior