Antimicrobials in Livestock 1: Regulation, Science, Practice: A European Perspective PDF
Preview Antimicrobials in Livestock 1: Regulation, Science, Practice: A European Perspective
Lucie Pokludová Editor Antimicrobials in Livestock 1: Regulation, Science, Practice A European Perspective Antimicrobials in Livestock 1: Regulation, Science, Practice Lucie Pokludová Editor Antimicrobials in Livestock 1: Regulation, Science, Practice A European Perspective Editor LuciePokludová InstituteforStateControlofVeterinary BiologicalsandMedicines Brno,CzechRepublic ISBN978-3-030-46720-3 ISBN978-3-030-46721-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46721-0 #SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,or bysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationin thisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremains neutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland To the memory of my grandparents, Božena and Ladislav, to whom I am grateful for directing my journey through life. Preface Thinking about antimicrobials, some questions necessarily should come that touch the essence of this term and related issues. For some of these questions,scientistshavetheansweroratleastascience-basedhypothesis. What does antibiosis mean? What are antibiotics (or the currently used broaderterm“antimicrobials”)?Whereandwhentheycamefrom?Whysome microbes synthesize them? How they interact and keep the balance in microorganisms’ecosystems?Whatisresistancetoantimicrobials?Whereit comes from? Why we started to use antimicrobials in animals not only for treatmentofdiseases?Andwhatistheimpactofthatbroadusebothinhuman and veterinary medicine? What is current knowledge on the use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and how can we minimize the need for the use of antimicrobials in animals and pressure on selection of resis- tance? What happened with antimicrobials after administration to animals? Are their residues harmful to the health of consumers? And are the residues risky from the perspective of resistance spread? Which concentrations of residuesweshouldconsiderofconcern?Whatistheloadontheenvironment caused by naturally, semi-synthetically and synthetically produced antimicrobials used in human and veterinary medicine and plant protection? And what is the extent of influence of both residues of antimicrobials and resistanceontheenvironment? Evensomeofthosequestionssoundverysimpleandeasytoanswer;they are asked with increased frequency during the last decade not only by veterinarians and farmers butalso bythe public, astheawareness ofantimi- crobialresistanceaswellastheneedforresponsibleuseofantimicrobialsis growing.Therefore,itseemsthatthereisagrowingneedtocometodifferent stakeholders involved in different areas linked in some extent to solving an issue of AMR as well as to the students and broader public with examples, explanationsandanswersthatcanalsobeusedineverydaypractice. The authors of this book believe that a lot of questions, including those mentionedasexamplesabove,arefullyvalidandneedtobeaddressedusing thecurrentopticsofknowledge.Therefore,thefollowingpagesareprovided to the readers not only as suggested answers but also with the intention to recognize cross-links and complexity of use of antimicrobials as well as matterforfurtherthinkingthatisintendedtobeprovokedbythetextofthis book,whichisdividedintotwovolumes. vii viii Preface Thefirstvolumeintendstostartwithmoregeneralparts,butcontinueswith theexacttopicscoveringtheuse,safetyandefficacyofantimicrobials,aswell asaspectsoflaboratorytestingthatisdescribedconsideringespeciallyneedof practice.Thefirstvolumeisdividedintoninechapters. After the first introductory chapter comes the second one, which is intendedtocoverstatusquowithintheinternationalcontext,coveringbriefly theveryrecentupdateontheexistingglobalactivities.Despitethefactthatthe issue of antimicrobial resistance is tackled from different perspectives by different international bodies and institutions and can be seen by someone as over discussed, the perspective of the global threat especially in human medicineisofparamountimportance. The third chapter is related to the second one, but brings more targeted insights to the European Union and policies, activities as well as regulatory surroundings considering especially new legal provisions on veterinary medicinal products and animal health, but also highlights the importance of the“softlaw”asguidelinesbothattheEuropeanandnationallevels. The fourth chapter is targeted on the use of antimicrobials in animals as wellasonthedescriptionoftheprojectsandmethodologiesofmeasuringof theextentoftheuseofantimicrobialsinfood-producinganimals. Thefifthchapterreflectspossiblerisksfromtheuseofantimicrobialsand conceptsofapproachingtheserisks.Itinvolvesespeciallypartsfocusedonthe impactonfoodchainsafety,includingconsiderationsofthepossibleresidues ofantimicrobials(i.e.perspectiveof“chemicalsafety”)aswellasconsidering food-borne resistance linked with extensive farming of animals producing foodforhumanconsumption(i.e.perspectiveof“microbiologicalsafety”). Thesixthchapterfocusesonpreventionandalternativetools,whichseem to be essential to avoid the broad use of antimicrobials. Among the other factors the chapter predominantly involves information on biosecurity and hygieneconsiderationsandexamples,vaccination,welfareandothertoolsto keepanimalshealthy.Asanimportantfactorinfluencingthescaleofprescrip- tionindifferentcountries,socio-economicaspectsareconsidered. Theseventhchapterdescribesprophylaxis,metaphylaxisandoff-labeluse, as practices that were or still are extensively used in some countries/sectors, buthighlightsthedangersthatareaccompaniedwiththem.Ontheotherhand, the chapter also comes with the examples of the future treatment strategies countingwithantimicrobialstewardshipapproaches. Withintheeightchapterauthorsgiveanoverviewoflaboratoryinvestiga- tion and results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing interpretation. A criti- cally important step for the whole laboratory testing is the decision when to collectsampleandpropersampling. Chapterninefocusesonantimicrobialresistance,providingsummaryboth fromthegeneralperspectiveandfromtheperspectiveofpathogenresistance offourmajorlivestockspeciesonwhichthesecondvolumeistargeted. Preface ix The second volume of the book is intended to be more pragmatic and targetedonspecificitiesofindividualsectors—pigs,poultry,cattleandhorses, butstartswithanintroductorychapterthatpaysspecificattentiontopharmaco- logicalcharacteristics,especiallypharmacokineticsandpharmacodynamics. Brno,CzechRepublic LuciePokludová 2020 Onbehalfoftheauthor’steam – List of Abbreviations (Vol I Chapters I X: All Chapters Together) AACTING Antimicrobialusageatherdlevelandanalysis,commu- nicationandbenchmarking ADD Animaldailydose ADI Acceptabledailyintake ADME Absorption,distribution,metabolism,elimination AGISAR Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimi- crobialResistance(WHO) AGP Antimicrobialgrowthpromoter AHAW AnimalHealthandWelfareEFSAPanel AHL AnimalHealthLaw AMC Antimicrobialconsumption AMCRA Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance in Animals (Belgium) AMDUCA AnimalMedicinalDrugUseClarificationAct AMEG AntimicrobialAdviceAdHocExpertGroup AMR Antimicrobialresistance APBP Aminophenylboricacid APP Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae ARfD Acutereferencedose ARGs Antibioticresistancegenes ARR Absoluteriskreduction ASF Africanswinefever AST Antimicrobialsusceptibilitytesting ATI AnimalTreatmentIndex ATU Areaoftechnicaluncertainty AUC Areaundercurve BIOHAZ BiologicalHazardsEFSAPanel BMRGs Biocide/metalresistancegenes BRD Bovinerespiratorydisease BRSV Bovinerespiratorysyncytialvirus BSAC BritishSocietyforAntimicrobialChemotherapy BVDV Bovineviraldiarrhoeavirus CAC CodexAlimentariusCommission xi xii ListofAbbreviations(VolIChaptersI–X:AllChaptersTogether) CAMHA Cation-adjustedMueller-Hintonagar CA–SFM Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie CATFAMR Codex Alimentarius Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Task ForceonAntimicrobialresistance CBPP Contagiousbovinepleuropneumonia CBPs Clinicalbreakpoints CCRVDF Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food CIAs Criticallyimportantantimicrobials CEESA CentreEuropeend’EtudespourlaSanteAnimale CLSI ClinicalLaboratoryStandardsInstitute CoNS CoagulasenegativeStaphylococci CRG CommissieRichtlijnenGevoeligheidsbepalingen CVMP CommitteeforVeterinaryMedicinalProducts DAEC DiffuselyadherentE.coli DCD Definedcoursedose DCP Decentralizedprocedure DDD Defineddailydose DDM Discdiffusionmethod DDST Doublediscsynergytest DIN DeutschesInstitutfürNormung DNA Deoxyribonucleicacid EAEC EnteroaggregativeE.coli EARS-net European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network EASSA European Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance in Animals ECDC EuropeanCentreforDiseaseControl ECHA EuropeanChemicalsAgency ECOFF Epidemiologicalcut-off EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid EEA EuropeanEconomicArea EFSA EuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority EHEC EnterohaemorrhagicE.coli EIEC EnteroinvasiveE.coli ELDU Extra-labeldruguse EMA EuropeanMedicineAgency EP EuropeanParliament EPEC EnteropathogenicE.coli ERA EnvironmentalRiskAssessment ESAC-net European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Network ESBL Extendedspectrumbeta-lactamase ESC(K)APE Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Clos- tridiumdifficile(Klebsiellapneumoniae),Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa andEnterobacteriaceae
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