Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants

131 Pages·2009·1.14 MB·English

Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences
University of Khartoum

Study on the antimicrobial activity of some
medicinal plants and their effect on wound healing

By

Missan Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed

B.Sc. of Medical Laboratory
Sciences(Microbiology).Academy of Medical
Sciences and Technology.

A thesis submitted for the fulfillment of the
requirement of MSc. in Microbiology in Medical
Laboratory Sciences.
(2008)

Supervisor
Prof. Samia Ahmed Gumaa
Department of Microbiology .Faculty of
Medicine, Khartoum University

Co-supervisor
Prof. Aisha Zoheir Almagboul
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Research Institute
National Centre for research
In the name of Allah

Dedication

To my family
Husband and daughters who are the candles of
my life

To my mother & mother-in-law
Who helped and supported me to provide this
work.

i
Acknowledgements

I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor
Professor Samia Ahmed Gumaa (Department of Microbiology,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum), for her
encouragement, support, care and patience, during the period of
study.
Further more I am also grateful to my co-supervisor Professor
Aisha Zoheir Almagboul (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research
Institute, National Centre for Research) for her kind help and
supplying me with valuable information and selecting the plants
used in this research.
Special thanks to Dr. Elbushra Elsheikh, Dean of Faculty of
Science, University of Khartoum, who helped me during the study
.
period

ii
Abstract

The relationship between man and plants has always been
a very close one throughout the development of human culture.
Plants have played an important role in the treatment of mans
diseases and ailments. In their blossoms, seeds, leaves and roots
are locked the secrets of life and death, power of healing or
harm depending on how they are used.
Many plants collected from different regions in Sudan
were used for the treatment of different infectious disease,
including septic wounds, which is a common disease in
Sudanese people.
Wound infection in diabetic patients was selected to
investigate the antimicrobial activity of certain Sudanese
medicinal plants against the etiological agents. Further more, the
antibacterial effective substances of these plants were extracted
and defined.
In this study, two types of plants were tested. They
included:
Acacia nilotica (Garad) and Zizyphus spina-christi
(Nabag). These plants were processed and extracted with
different solvents. The chloroformic, methanolic and aqueous
extracts of these plants were subjected to preliminary
antibacterial screening against three standard organisms
(Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa). The methanolic extract of Acacia nilotica showed
high antibacterial activity against the three standard organisms.
The study was a prospective, hospital and diabetic centers
–based study. One hundred and thirty two clinical isolates were
obtained from 100 cases, irrespective of their sex, (72%) were
males and (28%) were females patients of different age.
These specimens were collected from different sites. The
feet were the commonest sites accounting for (81%), hands
(12%), thigh (6%) and arm (1%).
These clinical isolates were subjected to purification and
identification. The results of identification showed that 43
isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, 18 Diphtheroids, 15
Proteus mirabilis, 12 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 10
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 8 Enterococcus fecalis, 7 Clostridium
iii
perfringens, 5 each of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, 4
Streptococcus viridans, 3 Streptococcus pyogenes and 2
Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Mixed bacterial growth was
obtained in 32% of the isolates.
The methanolic extract of Acacia nilotica fruit (Garad)
whole plant had bacteriocidal activity against (95%) of the
isolated organisms. Aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica had
bacteriocidal activity against (30%) of the isolated organisms
and the chloroformic extract had no bacteriocidal activity
against isolated organisms.
The chloroformic and aqueous extracts of Zizyphus spina-
christi showed no activity against isolated organisms, and the
methanolic extract had bacteriocidal activity against (23%) of
the isolated organisms.
On the basis of its prominent antimicrobial profile against
bacteria tested, methanolic extract of Acacia nilotica having the
most significant antimicrobial activity compared with the other
plants extracts. The effect of the Acacia nilotica methanolic
extract invivo activity was tested on rats with infected wounds.
Methanolic extract of Acacia nilotica was prepared in
ointment of 2% (w/w) poly ethylene glycol. Tetracycline
ointment 3% was used as standard control, both ointments were
applied twice daily.
In the first group of Albino rats whose infected wounds
were not treated, healing was complete in 19 days, whereas in
the second group of rats was infected wounds treated with 3%
tetracycline ointment, 15 days were required for the completion
of healing. In the third group of rats with infected wound treated
with PEG ointment containing 2% Acacia nilotica methanolic
extract, the healing period was reduced to 12 days.
The methanolic extract of Acacia nilotica was more
effective than the tetracycline ointment.

iv
ﺺﻠﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟا

ةرﺎﻀ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺤﻟا مﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﺗ ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺣاﺮﻣ ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)آ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ةﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻃو ﺂ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﺋاد ﺖ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻧﺎآ تﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺒﻨﻟاو نﺎﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻧﻻا ﻦﻴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺑ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻗﻼﻌﻟا
،ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)هرﺎهزا ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ،ﻪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺿاﺮﻣاو نﺎﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻧﻻا جﻼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻋ ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ مﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ه رود تﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟا ﺐ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻠﺗ .ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻧﻻا
ﺁدﺎﻤﺘﻋارﺮﻀ(cid:1127)ﻟا وا ءﺎﻔﺸﻟا ةﻮﻗ ،ﻪﺗﺎﻤﻣو نﺎﺴﻧﻻا ةﺎﻴﺣ راﺮﺳا ﺎهروﺬﺟو ﺎﻬﻗاروا ،ﺎﻬﺑﻮﺒﺣ
.ﺎﻬﻟ ﻪﻟﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳا ﺔﻴﻔﻴآ ﻰﻠﻋ
ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴ(cid:1127)ﺗ نادﻮﺴ(cid:1127)ﻟا ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻓ ﻖﻃﺎ(cid:1127)ﻨﻤﻟا ﻒ(cid:1127)ﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻬﻌﻤﺟ ﻢ(cid:1127)ﺗ تﺎ(cid:1127)ﺗ ﺎﺒﻨﻟا ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺮ(cid:1127)ﻴﺒآ دﺪ(cid:1127)ﻋ ﻚﻟﺎﻨِه
ضﺮ(cid:1127)ﻣ ﻮ(cid:1127)هو يﺮﻜﺴ(cid:1127)ﻟا حوﺮ(cid:1127)ﺟ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ(cid:1127)ﺿ ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣو ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻳﺪﻌﻤﻟا ضا ﺮ(cid:1127)ﻣﻻا عاﻮ(cid:1127)ﻧا ﻒ(cid:1127)ﻠﺘﺨﻣ جﻼﻌﻟ
ﺔﻴﻧادﻮ ﺴ(cid:1127)ﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﺒﻄ ﻟا تﺎ(cid:1127)ﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟا ﺾ(cid:1127)ﻌﺑ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﺳارﺪﻟ ﻩر ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻴﺘﺧا ﻢ(cid:1127)ﺗ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ . نادﻮﺴﻟا ﻰﻓ ﻊﺋﺎﺷ
و ﺎﻬ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺻﻼﺨﺘﺳا ﻢ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺗ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﺮﺘﻜﺒﻟا ﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺿ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟﺎﻌﻔﻟا داﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻟا نﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ﻚ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟذ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا ﺔﻓﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺿﻻﺎﺑ ،ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﺮﺘﻜﺒﻟا ﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺿ
.ﺎﻬﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ
:ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ تﺎﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻦﻴﻋﻮﻧ ﺔﺳارد ﺖﻤﺗ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا اﺬه ﻲﻓ
.ﻖﺒﻨﻟا ،ضﺮﻘﻟا
ﻢ(cid:1127)ﺗ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﺋﺎﻤﻟاو ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻟﻮﻧﺎﺜﻴﻤﻟاو ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻣرﻮﻓرﻮﻠﻜﻟا تﺎﺻﻼﺨﻟا . ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﺎﺒﻳﺬﻤﺑ ﺎﻬﺻﻼﺨﺘﺳا ﻢﺗو
ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳدﻮﻘﻨﻌﻟا ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)هو ﺔﻴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳﺎﻴﻘﻟا ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﺮﻴﺘﻜﺒﻟا ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ عاﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻧا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺛﻼﺛ ﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺿ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻲﺋاﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻧا ﺢﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻋ
تﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺒﻨﻟ ﻪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻟﻮﻧﺎﺜﻴﻤﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺻﻼﺨﻟا . ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳرﺎﺠﻧﺰﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﺋاﺰﻟاو ،ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻧﻮﻟﻮﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺷﻻاو ،ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺒهﺬﻟا
نﺎ(cid:1127)ﻨﺛاو ﻪ(cid:1127)ﺋﺎﻣ . ﺔﻴ(cid:1127)ﺳﺎﻴﻘﻟا ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻳﺮﻴﺘﻜﺒﻟا ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﺛﻼﺜﻟا عاﻮﻧﻻا ﻩﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ تﺮﻬﻇا ضﺮﻘﻟا
حوﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺟ ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ نﻮﻧﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻳ رﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻋﻻا ﻒ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺾﻳﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﻪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺋﺎﻣ ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺖ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟﺰﻋ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻴﻋ نﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺛﻼﺛو
ءﺎﻀﻌﻟا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻣ تﺎﻨﻴﻌﻟا ﻩﺬه تﺬﺧا .ءﺎﺴﻧ (28%)و لﺎﺟر (72%)ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ ىﺮﻜﺴﻟا
ةﺬه. (1%) ﺪﻋاﻮﺴﻟا ﻢﺛ (6%) ﺬﺨﻔﻟا ،(12%) ىدﺎﻳﻻا ،(81%) ماﺪﻗﻻا ﻦﻣ ﺎهﺮﺜآا ،
. ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻟوﺰﻌﻤﻟا ﻪ(cid:1127)ﻴﻜﻴﻨﻴﻠآﻻا تﻻﻼﺴ(cid:1127)ﻟا ﻩﺬ(cid:1127)ه ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻳﻮه ﺪ(cid:1127)ﻳﺪﺤﺗو ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻘﻨﺗ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻢﺗ ﻢﺛ ﺎهﺬﺧا ﻢﺗ تﺎﻨﻴﻌﻟا
(13.63%) ، ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﺒهﺬﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻳدﻮﻘﻨﻌﻟا ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ (32.57%) ﻰ(cid:1127)ﺗﻻا ﺖﺤ(cid:1127)ﺿوا ﺔﻳﻮﻬﻟا ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺗ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ
،ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﺪﻠﺠﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳدﻮﻘﻨﻌﻟا (9.09%)، ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳدﺎﻴﺘﻋﻻا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺒﻠﻘﺘﻤﻟا (11.36%)،سﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳوﺮﻴﺘﻔﻳد
(5.30%)،ﺲﻴﻟﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻜﻴﻓ (6.06%) ،ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳرﺎﺠﻧﺰﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﺋاﺰﻟا (7.57%)
(3.03%) ،ﺔﻴﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺒﻠﻜﻟاو ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻧﻮﻟﻮﻘﻟا ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺷﻻا ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻜﻟ(3.78%)،ﻢﻳﺪﻳﺮﺘﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺒﻟﻮآ
ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ لﻮﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺤﻟا ﻢ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺗ.ﺰﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻜﺘﻴﻓوﺮﺑﺎﺳ (1.51%)و ﻦﻴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺠﻴﺑ ﻮﺘﺒﻳﺮﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳ (2.27%)،ﺲﻧاﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﺮﻴﻓ
.ﺔﻟوﺰﻌﻤﻟا تﺎﻨﻴﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ (32%) ﻰﻓ ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻜﺒﻠﻟ ﻂﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻮﻤﻧ
،ﺔﻟوﺰﻌﻤﻟا تﺎﻨﻴﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ (95%) ةﺎﺠﺗ ﻞﺗﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺎﻬﻟ ضﺮﻘﻟا تﺎﺒﻨﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﻧﺎﺜﻴﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﻼﺨﻟا
ﺔ(cid:1127)ﺻﻼﺨﻟا ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻟوﺰﻌﻤﻟا تﺎ(cid:1127)ﻨﻴﻌﻟا ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ (30%) ةﺎ(cid:1127)ﺠﺗ ﻞ(cid:1127)ﺗﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﺛﺎ(cid:1127)ﺗ ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻬﻟ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﺋﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﻼﺨﻟا
.ﺔﻟوﺰﻌﻤﻟا تﺎﻨﻴﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ىا ﺎﻬﻟ ﺲﻴﻟ ضﺮﻘﻟا تﺎﺒﻨﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻓرﻮﻠﻜﻟا
تﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻴﻌﻟا ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺗﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﺛﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺗ يأ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﻟ ﺲﻴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟ رﺪﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا تﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺒﻨﻟ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻓﻮﻣرﻮﻠﻜﻟاو ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺋﺎﻤﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺻﻼﺨﻟا
ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ (23%) ﻩﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺠﺗ ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺗﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﺛﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺗ ﺎﻬﻟرﺪﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا تﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺒﻨﻟ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻟﻮﻧﺎﺜﻴﻤﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺻﻼﺨﻟا ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻨﻴﺑ ،ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟوﺰﻌﻤﻟا
.ﺔﻟوﺰﻌﻤﻟا تﺎﻨﻴﻌﻟا
رﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺘﺧا ﻢ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺗ ةﺮﺒﺘﺨﻤﻟاﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﺮﺘﻜﺒﻟا عاﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻧا ﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺿ ﺔﺤ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺿاﻮﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﻮﻴﺤﻟا ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﺘﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﺁدﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﺘﻋا
.ﺎﻳﺮﻴﺘﻜﺒﻟا ﺪﺿ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﺜآﺎآ ضﺮﻘﻟا تﺎﺒﻨﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﻧﺎﺜﻴﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﻼﺨﻟا
%2 ﻢهﺮ(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺮﻴﻀ(cid:1127)ﺤﺗ ﺂﻀ(cid:1127)ﻳا ﻢ(cid:1127)ﺗ ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻤآ . ضﺮ(cid:1127)ﻘﻟا تﺎﺒﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﻧﺎﺜﻴﻣ ﺔﺻﻼﺧ ﺮﻴﻀﺤﺗ ﻢﺗو
. ﻢ(cid:1127)ﻜﺤآ %3 ﻦﻴﻠﻜﻴ(cid:1127)ﺳاﺮﺘﻴﺘﻟا ﻢهﺮ(cid:1127)ﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘ(cid:1127)ﺳا ﻊﻣ . لﻮﻜﻴﻠﺟ ﻦﻴﻠﻳﺎﺜﻳا ﻲﻟﻮﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺻﻼﺨﻟا ﻦﻣ
.ﺂﻴﻣﻮﻳ ﻦﻴﺗﺮﻣ ﻪﺤﺴﻣ ﻢﺗ ﻦﻴﻤهﺮﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞآ

v
ﻩﺬ(cid:1127)ه مﺎ(cid:1127)ﺌﺘﻟا ﻢ(cid:1127)ﺗ ،ﺔ(cid:1127)ﺒﻬﺘﻠﻤﻟا ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻬﺣوﺮﺟ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﻢﺘﺗ ﻢﻟ ﻲﺘﻟا نا ﺮﺌﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻰﻟوﻻا ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻤﻟا ﻰﻓ
ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﺖ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﺗ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا ناﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺌﻔﻟا ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻋﻮﻤﺠﻤﻟا ﻦﻴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺣ ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ،مﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳ 19 ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ حوﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺠﻟا
مﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺌﺘﻟا ﻢﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻟ مﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳ 15 ﻰ (cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا ﺖ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺟﺎﺘﺣا ﻦﻴﻠﻴﻜﻴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳاﺮﺘﺘﻟا ﻢهﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ %3 ﺔﻄ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳاﻮﺑ ﻢﻬﺣوﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺟ
.حوﺮﺠﻟا
ﺮﻴﻀﺤﺗ ﺔﻄﺳاﻮﺑ ﺔﺒﻬﺘﻠ ﻤﻟا ﻢﻬﺣوﺮﺟ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﺖﻤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ناﺮﺌﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻤﻟا ﻰﻓ
ﺖﺼ(cid:1127)ﻘﻧ لﻮ(cid:1127)ﻜﻴﻠﺟ ﻦﻴﻠﻳﺎ(cid:1127)ﺜﻳا ﻰﻟﻮ(cid:1127)ﺑ %2 ﻰ(cid:1127)ﻓ ضﺮﻘﻟا تﺎﺒﻨﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﻧﺎﺜﻴﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﻼﺨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻢهﺮﻣ
.مﻮﻳ 12 ﻰﻟا حوﺮﺠﻟا مﺎﺌﺘﻟا ةﺪﻣ
.ﻦﻴﻴﻠﻜﻴﺳاﺮﺘﺘﻟا ﻢهﺮﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﺜآا ضﺮﻘﻟا تﺎﺒﻨﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﻧﺎﺜﻴﻤﻟا ﺔﺻﻼﺨﻟا ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ اﺬﻬﻟو

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Table of content
Page
Dedication………………………………..…………. i
Acknowledgements………………………………….. ii
English abstract……………………………………... iii
Arabic abstract………………………………………. v
List of contents……………………………………… vii
List of tables………………………………………… x
List of figures……………………………………….. xii
List of abbreviations…………………………………. xiv

Chapter one………………………………………... xv
1 Introduction & literature Review…………… 1
1.1 General introduction………………………. 1
1.2 General characteristic of isolated organisms…. 4
1.3 Bioactive Sudanese medicinal plants………... 10
1.3.1 Acacia nilotica(Garad)………………………... 10
1.3.2 Zizyphus spina-christi (Nabag)…………….…. 11
1.4 Antimicrobial agents……………………….…. 13
1.4.1 Antibiotics……………………………….……. 13
1.4.2 Classification of antibiotics……………….…... 13
1.5 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing………...… 17
1.5.1 Disc diffusion sensitivity tests………...……… 17
1.5.2 Kirby-Bauer NCCLS modified disc diffusion
technique……………...……………………. 18
1.6 Ointments……………………………………….. 19
1.6.1 Ointment bases……...………………………….. 19
1.6.2 Ointment preparation………………………... 22
1.7 Utilization of medicinal plants as sources of
antimicrobial agents……………………….……. 25
1.8 Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants…..… 25

Chapter two…………………………………………...… 35
2.1 Justification……………………………...…. 36
2.2 Objectives………………………………….. 37
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Chapter three……………………………...……….. 38
3 Materials and Methods…………………….…...… 39
3.1 Materials…………………………………...… 39
3.2.1 Study design……………………….....……… 39
3.2.2 Study area………………………..………...... 39
3.2.3 Study duration………………………...……... 39
3.2.4 Study population…………………………..…. 39
3.2.5 Sample size………………………………………. 39
3.3 Sampling methods……………………………. 40
3.4 Preparation of the crude extracts………….…… 41
3.5 Preparation of the test organisms………….…… 42
3.5.1 Preparation of standard bacterial suspensions….... 42
3.6 Testing of extracts for antimicrobial activity……. 43
3.7 Identification of the clinical isolates…………… 43
3.7.1 Culture media for isolation of the pathogens…….. 44
3.7.2 Media used for carrying out biochemical tests…... 44
3.7.3 Media to carry out sensitivity tests………………. 46
3.7.4 Biochemical tests………………………..…… 46
3.7.5 Method of in-vitro sensitivity test……………..…. 49
3.8 In-vivo testing of extracts for antimicrobial
activity……………………………………………. 49
3.8.1 Selection of the appropriate laboratory animals… 49

Chapter four……………………………………..……… 52
4 Results…………………………………………… 53
4.1 The identification of Gram negative isolates…… 58
4.1.1 Proteus mirabilis………………………….… 58
4.1.2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa...................................... 60
4.1.3 Escherichia coli..................................................... 62
4.1.4 Klebsiella pneumoniae…………………………. 64
4.2 The identification of Gram positive isolates……. 66
4.2.1 Staphylococcus aureus………………………….. 66
4.2.2 Staphylococcus epidermidis & saprophyticus 68
4.2.3 Streptococcus pyogenes………………………… 68
4.2.4 Streptococcus viridans…………………….……. 69
viii
4.2.5 Enterococcus fecalis……………………….…… 69
4.2.6 Diphtheroids……………………………………. 72
4.2.7 Clostridium perfringens…………………..……. 72
4.3 Preliminary screening for antibacterial Activity of
some Sudanese medicinal plants…………….....… 73
4.4 Interpretation of results of wound healing activity
of Acacia nilotica methanolic extract 2% in PEG
Ointment in infected rats…………………...…….. 96

Chapter five……………………………………………... 100
5 Discussion and conclusion……………………… 101
5.1 Discussion………………………………………. 101
5.2 Conclusion……………………………………… 104
5.3 Recommendations……………………………….. 105

References.......................................................................... 106

Appendixes………………………...…………………….. 114

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