anticipated environmental impacts & mitigation measures

151 Pages·2014·11.87 MB·English

CHAPTER-4

ANTICIPATED
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS & MITIGATION

MEASURES
Project code: 13010046 (March 2014) en-VISI(cid:122)n
CHAPTER – 4

ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
MEASURES

4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS
Prediction of impacts is the most important component in environmental impact assessment process as it is
the process of deriving contribution from the proposed project in the surrounding region. Several
mathematical/statistical techniques and methodologies are available for predicting impacts due to
developmental activities on physico-chemical, ecological and socio-economic components of environment.
The results obtained from the predictions are to be superimposed over the baseline (pre-project) status of
environmental quality to derive the ultimate (post-project) scenario of environmental quality status. The
quantitative impacts derived from prediction are also essential to delineate pragmatic environmental
management plan (Pollution control measures) for implementation during construction and operation
phases of proposed activities for minimizing the adverse impacts on environmental quality.

Mathematical models are the best tools to quantitatively describe cause condition- effect relationships
between source of pollution and different components of environment. In case, mathematical models are
either not available or it is not possible to identify/validate models for a particular situation, predictions are
arrived at through available scientific knowledge and judgments.

The mathematical models used for carrying out predictions in the present study included, steady state
Gaussian Plume Dispersion model designed for multiple point sources for air quality. In case of water, land,
biological and socio-economic environments, the predictions have been made based on the available
scientific expertise and judgments.

Identified potential impacts for the various components of the environment, i.e. air, noise, water, land,
ecological and socio-economic, are presented in figure 4.1. It should be noted that in these illustrations the
lines are to be read as might have an effect on.

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Project code: 13010046 (March 2014) en-VISI(cid:122)n
FIGURE 4.1 IMPACT NETWORK ON AIR ENVIRONMENT
Project
Construction phase Operation phase
Activity
Primary
Release of air pollutants Release of heat
Impact
Particulates
Secondary Change in Impact on
deposition on Climatic change
Impact air quality Visibility
water, Land
Aesthetic Impact on Impact on flora
impact Agricultural produce and fauna
Tertiary
Impact on
impact
Human health
Impact on Impact on socio-cultural
Economic output environment

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Project code: 13010046 (March 2014) en-VISI(cid:122)n
FIGURE 4.1(A)(CONT.) IMPACT ON WATER ENVIRONMENT
Project
Activity Construction Phase Operational Phase
Primary
Impact Change in Surface Abstraction of Releases of
Morphology Water Wastewater
Impact on
Runoff/Seepage
Impact on Hydraulics of
Impact on Water Environmental Health
Water Courses
Secondary Quality and Aesthetic Risk
Impact
Impact on Impact on Cost of Water Impact on
Tertiary Hydraulics of Aquatic Life Treatment Amenity/
Water Courses Recreation
Impact
Impact on Economic Impact on Socio-Cultural
Output Environment

FIGURE 4.1(B) (CONT.) IMPACT ON GROUND WATER ENVIRONMENT

Project
Construction Phase Operational Phase
Abstraction of Release of Waste
Activity Water Disturbance of Water on Land
Soil
Change In Ground Water
Regime: Soil Moisture / Water Change in Structure Addition / Removal of
Primary Level / Flow Pattern / Salt of Soil: Ground Substance of Heat to /
Impact Water Instruction Level Form He Soil
Secondary
Impact on Impact on
Impact Impact on Soil Data
Flora and Fauna Landscape
Impact on Agricultural
Impact on Live Stock
Tertiary production
Impact
Impact on Economic Impact on Socio-Cultural
Output Environment
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FIGUER 4.1(C ) (CONT.) IMPACT ON NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Project
Activity Construction Phase Operational Phase
Noise Emission
Primary
Impact
Change in Ambient Noise Level
Secondary
Health Risks Impact on Work output and Migration of Birds,
Impact
Efficiency Reptiles and Population
Tertiary Impact on Economic Impact on Socio-Cultural
Impact Output Environment

FIGURE 4.1(D) (CONT.) IMPACT ON LAND ENVIRONMENT
Project
Activity Construction Phase Operational Phase
Primary
Disturbance of Abstraction of Disposal of Wastewater and
Impact Land Water Sludge on Land
Change in Ground Water Toxic Substance on
Change in Soil Texture
Region/Salt Land, Particulate
and Permeability
Water Intrusion Deposition on Land
Secondary Impact on Soil Salinity Impact on
Impact Landscape Flora and Fauna
Impact on Agricultural Impact on
Tertiary
Produce Live Stock
Impact
Impact on
Impact on Socio-Cultural
Economic Output
Environment

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Project code: 13010046 (March 2014) en-VISI(cid:122)n
FIGURE 4.1(E)(CONT.) IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

c
Operational Phase Demand for Work Force Demand for Aesthetiinfrastructural risk facilities Effect on Building Materials Monuments Effect on human, nature and recreational facilities
n
Demand For nt Communicatio y Facilities Impact on visual environment Effect on educational medical, transport facilities
menit
Project Air, Water, EmployLand, OpportuNoise Pollution on Effect on agriculture ealthand fisheries Effect on water y, sewerage and solid waste management facilities
c Output ct Cost Better Product Availability Effect Human h Suppl
midu
oo
onPr
c
E
Construction Phase Development Of ancillary industries oreign ge
Economic Input Capital/CandM Cost Net Income Output Change in Economic Base of the Region Saving of fexchan
y
Activity Primary Impact SecondarImpact Tertiary Impact
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Project code: 13010046 (March 2014) en-VISI(cid:122)n
4.2 PREDICTIONS AND EVALUATION OF IMPACTS
Evaluation is an absolute term used for assessment and prediction by means of numerical expression or
value. Assessment is the process of identifying and interpreting the environmental consequences of the
significant actions. Prediction is a way of mapping the environmental consequences of the significant
actions. Significant action depicts direct adverse changes caused by the action and its effects on health of
biota including flora, fauna and man, socio-economic conditions, landforms and resources, physical and
cultural heritage properties and quality of bio-physics surrounds. Prediction requires scientific skill drawn
from many disciplines. Prediction of ecological components is often uncertain, because their response to
environmental stress cannot be predicted in absolute terms. The assessor (one who does the assessment) and
decision maker (one who take the decision after adequate analysis of assessment report) is expected to be
aware of the degree of uncertainty. The assessor generally uses the following methods and resources for
impact assessment.
♦ Field surveys and monitoring,
♦ Guideline and modeling,
♦ Literature surveys and interviews,
♦ Qualification and experience.
An impact can be defined as any change in physical, chemical and biological, cultural and or
socioeconomic environment that can be attributed to activities related to alternatives under study for
meeting the project needs. Impact methodology provides an organized approach for prediction and
assessing these impacts. The categories of environmental impact and associated impacts widely used for
impact identification are provided in figure 4.1. Impact assessment is based on conceptual notions on how
the universe acts that is intuitive and/or explicit assumption concerning the nature of environmental process.
In most of cases the predictions consists of indicating merely whether there will be degradation, no change
or enhancement of environment quality. In other cases, quantitative ranking scales are used. The selection
of indicator is crucial in assessment because impacts are identifies and interpreted based on impact
indicator. An impact indicator is a parameter that provides a measure (in at least some qualitative or
numerical sense) of the significance and magnitude of the impact. In India indicator is developed by the
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in the form of primary water quality criteria, biological water
quality criteria, and national ambient quality criteria for air and noise. The impact of the proposed project
on the environment has been considered based on the information provided by the proponents and data
collected at the site. The environmental impacts have been categorized as long or short term and reversible
or irreversible. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly by the project while secondary
impacts are those, which are indirectly induced. These typically include the associated investment and
changed pattern of social and economical activities by the proposed action. The operational phase of the
proposed project comprises several of which have been considered to assess the impact on one or another
environmental parameters.

Scientific techniques and methodologies based on mathematical modeling are available for studying
impacts of various project activities on environmental parameters. The nature of the impacts due to said
project activities are discussed here in detail. Each parameter identified in proceeding chapters, is singularly
considered for the anticipated impact due to various activities listed. The impact is quantified using
numerical scores 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in increasing order of activity. In order to assess the impact accurately,
each parameter is discussed in detail covering the following:
a) Project activities like to generate impact,
b) Quantification and prediction of impact.

Minor and temporary impacts are expected due to the construction activities. All the impacts of construction
phase will be short term only and it is very limited as minor construction work is anticipated for
requirement of project. Operation of the project may have potential to affect quality of life, air, noise, water,
land, flora, fauna and human by increasing air, noise and water pollution, by increase in hazardous waste
generation, by pollution from spillage/surface run-off, by disturbance to flora and fauna, by loss of trees
resulting from increased assess, by increase in land values threatening agriculture, etc.
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Project code: 13010046 (March 2014) en-VISI(cid:122)n
During the operation phase, the following activities are considered significant.
a. Air emission (Significant),
b. Noise generation (Minor),
c. Hazardous waste generation (Significant),
d. Water use and waste water discharge (Significant),
e. Employment Generation (Significant).

The operation of the project will involve discharge of pollutants. There will be wastewater generation, air
emissions, hazardous waste generation and mechanical noise. An assessment of the quantitative changes in
the various environmental components is therefore essential for predicting the impact. Operational phase
activities will have impacts, either short terms or long term and reversible or irreversible on ambient air and
noise, surface and ground water, land, socio-economic and cultural environment. Table - 4.5 shows the
potential impacts and mitigation measures for ecological impact assessment.

4.3 AIR ENVIRONMENT
4.3.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Dust will be the main pollutant affecting the ambient air quality of the surrounding area during the
construction phase. Motor vehicle transportation (to, from and around the site) particularly the traffic of
trucks at the site, material movement into the site will introduce particulates and other exhaust gases into
the local ambient air and it is likely that during the construction period local air quality may be temporarily
affected by these emissions. To reduce air pollution during this phase following mitigation measures must
be implemented.
- Suitable surface treatment to ease the traffic flow and regular sprinkling of water must be carried out
to control dust/fugitive emission.
- Construction materials must be stored in covered shed.
- Condition of all vehicles, generators and compressors has to be maintained and regularly serviced.
4.3.2 OPERATION PHASE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
The dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere is a function of several meteorological parameters viz.
temperature, wind speed and direction, mixing depths, inversion level, etc. A number of models have been
developed for the prediction of pollutant concentration at any point from an emitting source. The Industrial
Source Complex-Short Term (ISCST3) dispersion model is a steady-state Gaussian plume model. It is most
widely accepted for its interpretability. It gives reasonably correct values because this obeys the equation of
continuity and it also takes care of diffusion, which is a random process. For the present study, this model is
used for the prediction of maximum ground level concentration (GLC). With respect to operation phase
impact, proposed air emission from M/s. TETPL includes both process and utility emissions, which will
generate Particulates Matter, Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen Oxide, Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Chloride.
Adequate measures must be taken to minimize air pollution from process by providing air pollution control
equipment. D.G. set will be installed as standby to be used during emergency. Flue gases are discharged
from stacks at adequate height (as per GPCB norms). The site specific and monitored details considered for
input data for the software “ISC-AERMOD View” by Lakes Environmental, Canada for prediction of
impact on air environment.

The site-specific hourly meteorological data measured at site is given in table-3.1. In order to conduct a
refined air dispersion modeling using ISCST3 and ISC-PRIME short-term air quality dispersion U.S. EPA
PCRAMMET and U.S. EPA AERMET programs. Site specific Mixing height data were not available,
mixing height data from the Atlas of Hourly Mixing Height and Assimilative Capacity of Atmosphere in
India by Environmental Monitoring and Research Centre, India Meteorological Department are considered.

The air pollution caused by the gaseous emissions from a single or small group of stacks is a local
phenomenon. Its impacts will occur at a distance ranging from within the immediate vicinity of the stack to
several kilometers away from the stack. Maximum ground level concentration will occur within this range.
All plumes at more downwind distances from the source by stack emission become so diluted by diffusion
in the ambient atmosphere, that concentrations of pollutants become negligible. The maximum ground level
concentration for different parameters are given in Table 4.3. Equal concentration contour plots for the
SPM, SO , NOx, CO and HCL are given in figure 4.2. The details of emission form the stack are shown in
2
Table 4.1, which is input data for the ISCST3 model. Based on CPCB limit of pollutant, calculated ground
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Project code: 13010046 (March 2014) en-VISI(cid:122)n
level concentration is superimposed on existing ambient air quality to obtain proposed scenario for the
purpose of prediction and evaluation of impact of stack and process emission on surrounding environment.
Summary of ISCST3 model output for PM, SO , NOx, HCL and CO are shown in Table 4.2.
2

TABLE 4.1 DETAILS OF EMISSION FROM STACKS

S. OPERATING UNIT SOURCE OF EMISSION (STACK)
NO. PARAMETER
INCINERATOR BOILER D. G. SET-2 NOS.
1000 50
KVA KVA
1. Stack height meter 40 31 11(Common)
Stack diameter 1.2
2. meter 1.0 - -
at top
Flue gas exit 12
3. m/s 07 - -
velocity
FO/LDO-500 Kg/hr,
4. Fuel used ------ Coal-12 T/day 200 Lit/hr 15 Lit/hr
Natural gas-600 SCM
5. Emission
concentration
PM mg/Nm3 50* 150* 150*
SO ppm 200* 100* 100*
2
Nox ppm 400* 50* 50*
CO mg/Nm3 100*
HCl mg/Nm3 50*
6. Flue gas temp. 0C 75 152 -
Air Pollution Multi Cyclone, Alkali Multi Cyclone, Bag
7. Control -- Scrubber & Bag Filter Filter & Wet Scrubber -
Measures

* GPCB Limit
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FIGURE 4.2 EQUAL CONCENTRATION CONTOUR PLOT FOR SPM

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