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Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (Deadly Diseases and Epidemics) PDF

128 Pages·2006·0.28 MB·English
by  Patrick
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CH.DDE.A-R Bacteria.aFM_cx 3/6/08 8:39 AM Page 1 ANTIBIOTIC- RESISTANT BACTERIA CH.DDE.A-R Bacteria.aFM_cx 3/6/08 8:39 AM Page 2 Anthrax Malaria Antibiotic-resistant Meningitis Bacteria Mononucleosis Avian Flu Pelvic Inflammatory Botulism Disease Campylobacteriosis Plague Cervical Cancer Polio Cholera Prostate Cancer Ebola Rabies Encephalitis Salmonella Escherichia coli Infections SARS Gonorrhea Smallpox Hantavirus Pulmonary Staphylococcus aureus Syndrome Infections Helicobacter pylori Streptococcus Hepatitis (Group A) Herpes Syphilis HIV/AIDS Toxic Shock Syndrome Infectious Fungi Tuberculosis Influenza Tularemia Legionnaires’ Disease Typhoid Fever Leprosy West Nile Virus Lyme Disease Lung Cancer Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) CH.DDE.A-R Bacteria.aFM_cx 3/6/08 8:39 AM Page 3 ANTIBIOTIC- RESISTANT BACTERIA Patrick G. Guilfoile, Ph.D. FOUNDING EDITOR The Late I. Edward Alcamo Distinguished Teaching Professor of Microbiology, SUNY Farmingdale FOREWORD BY David Heymann World Health Organization CH.DDE.A-R Bacteria.aFM_cx 3/6/08 8:39 AM Page 4 Dedicated to Ed Alcamo Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Copyright © 2007 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved.No part ofthis book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, recording,or by any information storage or retrieval systems,without permission in writing from the publisher.For information contact: Chelsea House An imprint ofInfobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 ISBN-10:0-7910-9188-0 ISBN-13:978-0-7910-9188-3 Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guilfoile,Patrick. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria / Patrick G.Guilfoile ;consulting editor, I.Edward Alcamo ;forward by David Heymann. p.cm.—(Deadly diseases and epidemics) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-7910-9188-0 (hc :alk.paper) 1.Drug resistance in microorganisms—Juvenile literature. I.Alcamo,I. Edward. II.Title.III.Series. QR177.G85 2006 616.9'041—dc22 2006017589 Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses,associations,institutions,or sales promotions.Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com Series design by Terry Mallon Cover design by Keith Trego Printed in the United States ofAmerica Bang EJB 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 This book is printed on acid-free paper. All links and Web addresses were checked and verified to be correct at the time ofpublication.Because ofthe dynamic nature ofthe Web,some addresses and links may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. CH.DDE.A-R Bacteria.aFM_cx 3/6/08 8:39 AM Page 5 Table of Contents Foreword David Heymann, World Health Organization 6 Preface 8 1. What are Antibiotics? 10 2. How Do Antibiotics Kill Bacteria? 22 3. How Do Bacteria Resist Antibiotics? 38 4. Causes of Antibiotic Resistance 58 5. Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance 68 6. The Most Dangerous Antibiotic- Resistant Bacteria 73 7. Strategies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance 84 8. The Future of Antibiotic Resistance 93 9. Reducing Antibiotic Resistance 100 Glossary 103 Endnotes 108 Bibliography 110 Further Reading 117 Web Sites 118 Index 119 CH.DDE.A-R Bacteria.aFM_cx 3/6/08 8:39 AM Page 6 Foreword In the 1960s, many of the infectious diseases that had terrorized generations were tamed. After a century of advances, the leading killers ofAmericans both young and old were being prevented with new vaccines or cured with new medicines.The risk ofdeath from pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), meningitis, influenza, whooping cough,and diphtheria declined dramatically.New vaccines lifted the fear that summer would bring polio,and a global campaign was on the verge of eradicating smallpox worldwide. New pesticides like DDT cleared mosquitoes from homes and fields,thus reducing the incidence of malaria,which was present in the southern United States and which remains a leading killer of children worldwide. New technologies produced safe drinking water and removed the risk of cholera and other water-borne diseases. Science seemed unstoppable.Disease seemed destined to all but disappear. But the euphoria ofthe 1960s has evaporated. The microbes fought back. Those causing diseases like TB and malaria evolved resistance to cheap and effective drugs.The mosquito developed the ability to defuse pesticides.New diseases emerged, including AIDS, Legionnaires’, and Lyme disease. And diseases which had not been seen in decades re-emerged, as the hantavirus did in the Navajo Nation in 1993. Technology itself actually created new health risks. The global transportation network, for example, meant that diseases like West Nile virus could spread beyond isolated regions and quickly become global threats.Even modern public health protections sometimes failed, as they did in 1993 in Milwaukee,Wisconsin,resulting in 400,000 cases of the digestive system illness cryptosporidiosis. And, more recently,the threat from smallpox,a disease believed to be completely eradicated, has returned along with other potential bioterrorism weapons such as anthrax. The lesson is that the fight against infectious diseases will never end. In our constant struggle against disease,we as individuals have a weapon that does not require vaccines or drugs,and that is the ware- house of knowledge. We learn from the history of science that 6 CH.DDE.A-R Bacteria.aFM_cx 3/6/08 8:39 AM Page 7 “modern” beliefs can be wrong. In this series of books, for example, you will learn that diseases like syphilis were once thought to be caused by eating potatoes.The invention of the microscope set science on the right path.There are more posi- tive lessons from history.For example,smallpox was eliminat- ed by vaccinating everyone who had come in contact with an infected person.This “ring”approach to smallpox control is still the preferred method for confronting an outbreak, should the disease be intentionally reintroduced. At the same time,we are constantly adding new drugs,new vaccines,and new information to the warehouse.Recently,the entire human genome was decoded.So too was the genome of the parasite that causes malaria. Perhaps by looking at the microbe and the victim through the lens of genetics we will be able to discover new ways to fight malaria,which remains the leading killer of children in many countries. Because ofadvances in our understanding ofsuch diseases as AIDS, entire new classes of antiretroviral drugs have been developed.But resistance to all these drugs has already been detected, so we know that AIDS drug development must continue. Education, experimentation, and the discoveries that grow out ofthem are the best tools to protect health.Opening this book may put you on the path of discovery. I hope so, because new vaccines,new antibiotics,new technologies,and, most importantly, new scientists are needed now more than ever if we are to remain on the winning side of this struggle against microbes. David Heymann Executive Director Communicable Diseases Section World Health Organization Geneva,Switzerland 7 CH.DDE.A-R Bacteria.aFM_cx 3/6/08 8:39 AM Page 8 Preface Life Before Antibiotics If you research your family history prior to the 1940s,you are likely to find some relatives who died,or had a close brush with death,at a young age.In many cases,those deaths or near deaths resulted from what were,at the time,untreatable bacterial infections.My personal family history has an example of the toll bacterial infections took in the days prior to the development ofantibiotics. My grandfather, born in 1903, was a robust young man who grew strong working on the family farm.At the age of 12, he sud- denly came down with a high fever and a sharp pain in his abdomen. A trip to the doctor in the back ofa horse-drawn wagon was the clos- est thing to an ambulance in rural Wisconsin in those days.After a 10-mile ride over rough roads,he arrived at the doctor’s office,where the doctor confirmed that my grandfather’s appendix had ruptured. Following another rough ride to the hospital,my grandfather under- went emergency surgery to remove the offending organ,but he had already developed a serious bacterial infection in his abdomen. There was no treatment available aside from bed rest and hope.His fever by this time was very high,probably over 104°F.The doctor said his condition was grave; he had less than a 50 percent chance of pulling through.Obviously,you can guess the end ofthe story,since I wouldn’t be writing this book if my grandfather hadn’t recovered. However, one of my grandfather’s brothers wasn’t so lucky. His appendix had ruptured the previous year,and after a long stay in the hospital,he ultimately died from a bacterial infection. Today,we often regard bacterial infections as a minor nuisance, at worst requiring a trip to the doctor and the pharmacy, but, up until the 1950s,many bacterial infections were lethal.In fact,people born in the United States in 1900 had about a 1 percent chance of dying from infectious disease in a given year. One hundred years later,that risk was down to 1 percent per 15 years,and a significant part of that reduced risk of death was due to the availability of antibiotics.1 Unfortunately, numerous species of bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics over the past several decades. 8 CH.DDE.A-R Bacteria.aFM_cx 3/6/08 8:39 AM Page 9 Many scientists, doctors, and healthcare professionals now wonder if we are returning to a situation where many bacte- rial infections will be untreatable. This book is designed to explore that question,and provide some ideas of what indi- viduals can do to keep that grim scenario from becoming a reality. 9

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