Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World: Gender, Modernism and the Politics of Dress PDF
Preview Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World: Gender, Modernism and the Politics of Dress
Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World In recent years bitter controversies have erupted across Europe and the Middle East about women’s veiling, and especially their wearing of the face- veil or niqab. Yet the deeper issues contained within these controversies— secularism versus religious belief, individual freedom versus social or family coercion, identity versus integration—are not new but are strikingly pre- figuredbyearlierconflicts.Thisbookexaminesthestate-sponsoredanti-veiling campaigns that swept across wide swathes of the Muslim world in the inter- war period, especially in Turkey and the Balkans, Iran, Afghanistan, and the Soviet republics of the Caucasus and Central Asia. It shows how veiling was officially discouraged and ridiculed as backward and, although it was rarely banned, veiling was politicized and turned into a rallying-point for a wider opposition. Asking a number of questions about this earlier anti-veiling dis- courseandthepoliciesflowingfromit,andthereactionsthatitprovoked,the book illuminates and contextualizes contemporary debates about gender, Islam and modernism. Stephanie Cronin is a Lecturer in Iranian History at the University of Oxford, UK. Durham Modern Middle East and Islamic World Series Series Editor: Anoushiravan Ehteshami University of Durham 1. Economic Development in 9. The Secret Israeli-Palestinian Saudi Arabia Negotiations in Oslo Rodney Wilson, with Their success andwhy Abdullah Al-Salamah, the process ultimately failed Monica Malik and Sven Behrendt Ahmed Al-Rajhi 10. Globalization and Geopolitics 2. IslamEncounteringGlobalisation in the Middle East Edited by Ali Mohammadi Old games, new rules Anoushiravan Ehteshami 3. China’s Relations with Arabia and the Gulf, 1949–99 11. Iran-Europe Relations Challenges and opportunities Mohamed Bin Huwaidin Seyyed Hossein Mousavian 4. Good Governance in the Middle 12. 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Palestinian Christians in Israel Edited by Elisa Giunchi State attitudes towards non-Muslims in a Jewish State 30. Muslim Family Law in Western Una McGahern Courts Edited by Elisa Giunchi 23. Iran–TurkeyRelations, 1979–2011 31. Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the Conceptualising the dynamics Muslim World of politics, religion and security Gender, modernism and the in middle-power states politics of dress Suleyman Elik Edited by Stephanie Cronin 24. The Sudanese Communist Party 32. Russia-Iran Relations Since the Ideology and party politics End of the Cold War Tareq Y. Ismael Eric D. Moore This page intentionally left blank Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World Gender, modernism and the politics of dress Edited by Stephanie Cronin ROUTLEDGE RTayolour &t Flerandcisg Geroup LONDON AND NEW YORK Firstpublished2014 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon,OX144RN andbyRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2014selectionandeditorialmaterial,StephanieCronin;individual chapters,thecontributors TherightofStephanieCronintobeidentifiedasauthoroftheeditorial material,andoftheindividualauthorsasauthorsoftheircontributions,has beenassertedbyherinaccordancewithsections77and78ofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orin anyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting fromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksor registeredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanation withoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Anti-veilingcampaignsintheMuslimworld:gender,modernismandthe politicsofdress/[editedby]StephanieCronin. pagescm–(DurhammodernMiddleEastandIslamicworldseries) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1.Hijab(Islamicclothing)2.Veils–Religiousaspects–Islam.3.Hijab (Islamicclothing)–Governmentpolicy.4.Clothinganddress–Political aspects–Islamiccountries.5.Muslimwomen–Socialconditions.I.Cronin, Stephanie. BP190.5.H44A582014 305.48'697–dc23 2013040891 ISBN:978-0-415-71138-8(hbk) ISBN:978-1-315-88455-4(ebk) TypesetinTimesNewRoman byTaylor&FrancisBooks Contents List of Figures ix List of Contributors x Acknowledgments xiv Note on transliteration xv Introduction: Coercion or empowerment? Anti-veiling campaigns: a comparative perspective 1 STEPHANIECRONIN PARTI Turkey 37 1 From face veil to cloche hat: the backward Ottomanversus new Turkish woman in urban public discourse 39 KATHRYNLIBAL 2 Anti-veiling campaigns and local elites in Turkey of the 1930s: aview from the periphery 59 SEVGIADAK 3 Everyday resistance to unveiling and flexible secularism in early republican Turkey 86 MURATMETİNSOY PARTII Iran and Afghanistan 119 4 Unveiling ambiguities: revisiting 1930s Iran’s kashf-i hijab campaign 121 JASAMINROSTAM-KOLAYIANDAFSHINMATIN-ASGARI viii Contents 5 Dressing up (or down): veils, hats, and consumer fashions in interwar Iran 149 FIROOZEHKASHANI-SABET 6 Astrakhan, borqa’, chadari, dreshi: the economy of dress in early-twentieth-century Afghanistan 163 THOMASWIDE PARTIII Soviet Central Asia and the Caucasus 203 7 Women-initiated unveiling: state-led campaigns in Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan 205 MARIANNEKAMP PARTIV The Balkans 229 8 Behind the veil: the reform of Islam in interwar Albania or the search for a “modern” and “European” Islam 231 NATHALIECLAYER 9 Difference unveiled: Bulgarian national imperatives and the re-dressing of Muslim women, 1878–1989 252 MARYNEUBURGER Bibliography 267 Index 279 List of Figures 1 Women of Kokand, Uzbekistan, wearing paranji and chachvon, early twentieth century 140 2 Man in traditional clothing accompanied by two women with their face veils drawn aside, Iran, late nineteenth / early twentieth century 141 3 Egyptian woman on a donkey 142 4 Two Egyptian women heavily veiled 142 5 Veiled African Muslim women, presumably ex-slaves, photographed in Constanta, Romania, c. 1910s / 1920s 143 6 Turkish woman from Smyrna (Izmir), 1907, wearing the newly fashionable transparent white chiffonyashmak 144 7 Three veiled Turkish women showing their ankles andwith semi-transparent veils, early 1920s 145 8 Schoolgirls wearing chadors, but without face-veils, over fashionable Western clothing 146 9 Veiled Muslim women at Sarajevo market, Bosnia, 1930s 147 10 Veiled Muslim women, Bulgaria, 1930s 147 11 Some leading figures and army commanderswith their wives inanofficialceremonyheldinIranontheanniversaryofremoval of veils 148 12 Women athletes parading, Turkey, 1936 148
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