anti corruption academy of nigeria corruption prevention training manual

154 Pages·2012·3.51 MB·English

ANTI CORRUPTION ACADEMY OF NIGERIA

CORRUPTION PREVENTION TRAINING MANUAL

Abuja, 2017

© Anti-Corruption Academy of Nigeria, 2017, All rights reserved

Disclaimer
This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union under the project ‘Support
to Anti-Corruption in Nigeria’ implemented by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. This report
has not been formally edited. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and
can in no way be taken to reflect the views of European Union or the United Nations.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following persons ought to be acknowledged for researching and contributing to the
production of this manual: (1) Lawrence Adeokun, a retired Professor of Demography and
Behavioral change Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife; Nigeria; (2) Emmanuel Igbo, Professor
of criminology and criminal justice, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria; (3) James
Ayangunna, senior lecturer, department of social work, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; (4)
Bonaventure Nwokeoma, lecturer, department of sociology and anthropology, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria; (5) Aloysius Odii, research fellow, department of
sociology and anthropology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria; (6) Jerry
Ombugadu Musa, research fellow, faculty of law, Nasarawa state University, Keffi, Nasarawa
state; (7) Godwin Oche, Programme Manager, Anti-corruption Academy of Nigeria, Keffi; (8)
Femi Ajayi, Project Officer with UNODC; (9) Oluwafemi Ladapo, Project Officer with UNODC.

Sola Akinrinade, Professor and Provost of ACAN deserves appreciation for providing the needed
environment for the entire process of this manual to run smoothly and successful. Our appreciation
also goes to the secretariat comprising of the following persons: (1) Aloysius Odii; (2) Akindele
Ogunleye; (3) Faison Mark and (4) Jerry Musa their editorial input is invaluable

The following staff of UNODC also contributed in different ways to the process of developing
this manual: Polleak Ok Serei, Jesse Wachanga, Adebayo Olorunmaye, Sylvester Atere, Princess
Chifiero, Akeem Sule, Margaret Eheli, Yvonne Dioka and Ebele Oputa.

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INTRODUCTION

There is widespread consensus on the disastrous consequences of corruption, evidenced in
many cross country studies (Lambsdorff 2007). This has called for action. For more than 20 years,
anti-corruption has been on the agenda of governments, companies and international organizations.
As Africa’s most populous country and as one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, Nigeria
is not immune to corruption challenges. Strengthening integrity and reducing corruption has been
a priority for Nigeria for a number of years. Corruption continues to be a significant impediment
to economic growth and social advancement while discouraging business investments, adding to
the high cost of doing business and undermining the confidence of the people of Nigeria in its own
governance and rule of law.

Various reports on Nigeria have highlighted the reactive position of the Anti-Corruption
Agencies (ACAs) towards fighting corruption and the fact that this been largely on law
enforcement, while preventive mechanisms and public education and support have been underused
and under-resourced. This is problematic given the sophisticated nature of corruption in Nigeria
and the difficulty of detection. A predominantly enforcement focus neglects the potentially
effective area of prevention which, given the low cost baseline starting point, could yield
significant benefits at comparatively low cost. There is an obvious lack of strategies to prevent
the underlying causes of corruption as well as of coordination among ACAs with complementary
mandates on anti-corruption prevention.

Developing strategies for preventing corruption will also call for building capacities of ACAs
in areas like integrity building within the system and putting in place structures that ensure probity
and promotes accountability in the conduct of public administration.

This training manual is an attempt to lay a foundation for capacity building in corruption
prevention and has been designed to cover all leading themes in corruption prevention, expose
participants to rigorous theoretical knowledge and practical hands-on in corruption prevention
experience. Its target participants, who must have current or prior experience in related anti-
corruption and oversight work, include staff of Nigeria’s Anti-Corruption Agencies, public and
business establishments, civil society organizations, academic institutions, etc.

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INDEX OF TRAINING TOOLS

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACAN Anti-Corruption Academy of Nigeria
AML/CFT Anti Money Laundering and Combating of the Financing of Terrorism
AU African Union
BPP Bureau of Public Procurement
CBCN Catholic Bishops Conference of Nigeria
CCB Code of Conduct Bureau
CCBS Crime and Corruption Business Surveys
CEC Council of Europe Conventions
COSP Conference of State Parties
CPI Corruption Perception Index
CRA Corruption Risk Assessment
DNFI Designated Non-Financial Institutions
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
EFCC Economic and Financial Crimes Commission
EU European Union
FATF Financial Action Task Force
FCPA Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
ICAC Independent Commission against Corruption
ICCBS International Crime against Business Surveys
ICPC Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission
IRB Institutional Review Board
OAS Organization of American States
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

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CONTENT

MODULE 1:0 INTRODUCTION TO CORRUPTION PREVENTION

Chapter 1.1.0. Perspectives on corruption
1.1.1. Introduction
1.1.2. Defining corruption- conceptual considerations and concrete offences
1.1.3. Types of corruption
1.1.4. Causes of corruption
1.1.5. Consequences of corruption
1.1.6. Corruption perception

Chapter 1.2.0. Corruption perception
1.2.1. Introduction
1.2.2. Corruption perception
1.2.3. Factors that influence how corruption is perceived
1.2.4. Common excuses for corruption

Chapter 1.3.0. Understanding the legal and institutional framework of corruption
prevention application
1.3.1. Introduction
1.3.2. Corruption in Nigeria
1.3.3. International Anti-Corruption legal and institutional frameworks
1.3.4. Nigerian Anti-Corruption legal and institutional frameworks

Chapter 1.4.0. Corruption prevention plan
1.4.1. Introduction
1.4.2. Why the interest in corruption prevention
1.4.3. Organizational strategies for corruption prevention
1.4.4. Developing a corruption prevention plan
1.4.5. Sustaining a corruption prevention plan

MODULE 2:0 CORRUPTION PREVENTION METHODS AND CASE STUDIES

Chapter 2.1.0. Corruption prevention methods
2.1.1. Introduction
2.1.2. Education/public enlightenment/Civil society
2.1.3. Preventing corruption through reforms
2.1.4. Reporting platform
2.1.5. Effective ICT Application
2.1.6. Ethical revival and shaming
2.1.7. Effective Monitoring and surveillance
2.1.8. Improving Internal Control Mechanism
2.1.9. Separation of Duties and Job Rotation
2.1.10. Review of the various methods of corruption prevention

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Chapter 2.2.0. Factors mitigating against corruption prevention methods
2.2.1. Introduction
2.2.2. The problem of definition
2.2.3. Lack of Political will
2.2.4. Lack of synergy (conflicting report)
2.2.5. Lack of societal norms
2.2.6. Weak Institution
2.2.7. Weak reporting culture

Chapter 2.3.0. Response to corruption
2.3.1. Introduction
2.3.2. Designing an effective response
2.3.3. Delay in responding to corruption

MODULE 3:0 BASIC RESEARCH METHODS IN CORRUPTION PREVENTION

Chapter 3.1.0. Overview of social research methods in corruption prevention
3.1.1. Understanding social research methods in corruption prevention
3.1.2. Types of social research
3.1.3. Types of corruption research

Chapter 3.2.0. Research ethics in corruption prevention
3.2.1. Introduction
3.2.2. Research Integrity
3.2.3. Ethical board approval
3.2.4. Voluntary participation
3.2.5. Anonymity and Confidentiality
3.2.6. Permission to participate in research-informed consent
3.2.7. Plagiarism

Chapter 3.3.0. Data collection for corruption prevention research
3.3.1. Introduction
3.3.2. Basic concepts in data collection
3.3.3. Quantitative approaches in corruption prevention research
3.3.4. Questionnaire method
3.3.5. Qualitative approaches in corruption prevention research

Chapter 3.4.0. An outline of normal research activity on corruption
3.4.1. Introduction
3.4.2. The problem Formulation Stage
3.4.3. The Design Stage
3.4.4. The Field/Data Collection Stage
3.4.5. The Data Analysis Stage/Reporting

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MODULE 4:0 CORRUPTION RISK ASSESSMENT STUDIES

Chapter 4.1.0. General Overview of Organizational Risks
4.1.1. Introduction
4.1.2. Definition and identification of different kinds of risks in organizations
4.1.3. The challenge for risk assessors

Chapter 4.2.0. Corruption Risk Assessment
4.2.1. Introduction
4.2.2. The concept of corruption risk assessment
4.2.3. Purpose and context of corruption risk assessment
4.2.4. Assessment approaches

Chapter 4.3.0. Corruption Risk Identification and Rating
4.3.1. Introduction
4.3.2. Environmental level
4.3.3. Organizational level
4.3.4. Personal level (Corrupt Officers)
4.3.5. Corruption risk assessment instruments
4.3.6. Identification of assets and liabilities of an organization

Chapter 4.4.0. Assessing the Inherent Risks
4.4.1. Introduction
4.4.2. Vulnerability
4.4.3. Risk analysis
4.4.4. Rating Potential Impact of Occurrence

Chapter 4.5.0. Measuring Corruption Risk
4.5.1. Introduction
4.5.2. The corruption risk matrix
4.5.3. Populating the risks matrix
4.5.4. Including risk ratings in the risk register

Chapter 4.6.0. Corruption Risk Prioritization
4.6.1. Introduction
4.6.2. Prioritizing the Risk
4.6.3. The Risk Prioritization Table

Chapter 4.7.0. Risk Mitigation
4.7.1. Risk mitigation processes
4.7.2. Designing Integrity Plan

Chapter 4.8.0. Summary

Chapter 4.9.0. Conclusion

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