Anthropometric modelling of the human vertical jump

318 Pages·2005·4.27 MB·English

by  Carr, Robin.

ANTHROPOMETRIC MODELLING OF THE
HUMAN VERTICAL JUMP
Robin Carr
B.P.E, University of British Columbia, 1968
M.P.E.,U niversity of British Columbia, 1979
THESlS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in the School
of
Kinesiology
O Robin Carr 1994
SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY
December 1994
All rights resen.ed. Th~ws ork ma! not be
reproduced In whole or in part. b !. photocopy
or other means. w~thoutp ermission of the author
APPROVAL
NAME: Robin Victor Carr
DEGREE: Doctor of Philosophy
TITLE OF THESIS: ANTHROPOMETRIC MODELLING OF THE HUMAN
VERTICAL JUMP
EXAMINING COMMITTEE:
Chair: Dr. Tom L. Richardson
-
Dr. William D. Ross
Senior Supervisor
Dr. Arthur E. Chapman
Dr. K. Laurence Weldon
Departmat of Mathematics and Statistics
Dr. Dennis Caine
Internal Examiner
Department of Physical Education
Western Washington University
- -
--
Dr. Michael R. Hawes
External Exarniner
Faculty of Physical Education
University of Calgary
-
- gee
f 7
I
Date Approved: I (-/
\
PAR'rIAL COPYIUGI-1T LICENSE
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University Library, and to makc partial or singlc copics only for such uscrs or
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hat permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be
grant& by mc or the Dcan of Gradualc Studics. It is understood that copying or
publication of illis work for financial gain shall not bc ailowed witl~out my
writ~cnp ermission.
Author: -
(signahm)
Abstract
This research investigated the statistical relationships between human macro structure, as
measured by anthropometry, and a generic motor performance, the standing vertical jump
One hundred subjects (68 males and 32 females, comprising 59 athletes in various sports
and 4 1 Kinesiology students) underwent 42 standard anthropometric measurements.
Additional derived variables quantified shape, proportion, and composition Two new
lower extremity shape indices were designed. an ai~g~rlur-riii/d~e!x for the thigh and shank
segments, and apr-oxrmo~hyrr ~dex( to quantify the extent to which the lower extremity
muscle mass was centred near the trunk, as is found among the best animal jumpers).
The subjects performed nine vertical jumps on a Kistler force platform, separated by 1
minute recoveries This included three random-ordered trials for each of three types of
jumps a .stcr/rc jlrnlp (SJ) from a squat position, a co~ri~tmero vemcrltjlm1p (CJ) (both of
these with hands remaining fixed on hips) and a reuch jrmp (RJ)(with arms swinging
upwards)
An anthropometric analogue of an explanatory physics equation provided a theoretical
framework for the modelling. After principal components analyses for data reduction,
forced multiple regressions determined the final unisex models, which included log(hasr
10,
mass adjusted sum of eight skinfolds and the proximorphy index as the best paired
significant explanatory variables, together accounting for 35% to 50% of the jump height
variance. When tested on 68 male professional hockey players, the models actually
performed better than on the sample upon which they were based The proportion of the
variability (multiple r) explained by structure was 0.57 - 0 70, and this was statistically
significant (p<0.001 ). Major non-structural causative factors are likely to preclude more
precise prediction
Significant (p < 0.001) correlations were found between peak forces in the jumps and
certain structural variables (skinfold-adjusted mid-thigh girth2, r = 0.78 - 0.85,
proximorphy index, r = 0 53 - 0 60). The peak forces themselves correlated rather poorly
(r = 0.39 - 0.54) with the height of those jumps It appears that a physiological
component of this skill may be easier to predict from anthropometry than the skill itself
Dedication
To Dr. Bill Ross, who, even upon his "retirement" from a distinguished university career
this year, continues to view science with the awe and enthusiasm of an eager child.
Merely by association, his students cannot help but learn that a passion for history need
never stand in the way of new ideas Indeed, it encourages them.
And to Jake, a dog and friend, who always reminded me of my roots
Quotations
"All animals, provided always they are similarly fashioned, with their various
levers in like proportion, ought to jump not to the same relative height but
to the same actual height "
(D. W. Thompson, 1942)
Acknowledgments
The author would like to acknowledge the following people for their contributions
all members of my Supervisory Committee, for their ideas, support, constructive criticism,
and continual willingness to point a naive student in a reasonable direction,
Wayne Wilson, for providing most of the elite athletes (including all the hockey players)
who were subjects in this study, and for painstakingly acting as recorder for much of the
anthropometry,
Rod Rempel, for measuring at least one-quarter of the 165 subjects that were used in this
study, and for being typically generous with his computer expertise whenever a problem
arose;
Rajni Singhai, for everything from recording and being a subject, to critiquing the final
version and supporting the project in general;
Aris Multimedia Entertainment, Inc , 1993, for the royalty-free use of two of the
photographs on their Mediaclips Aninzcrl Kingdom on CD-ROM
vii
Table of Contents
Title Page
I
Approval Page
I I
...
Abstract
111
Dedication v
Quotations vi
Acknowledgments vii
Table of Contents viii
...
L~sot f Tables xm
List of Figures xv
Chapter I - INTRODUCTION 1
Introduction 1
Purposes 1 I
Relevance 14
Chapter I1 - REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 15
Section 1 - STRUCTURE 16
The Quantification of Structure 16
Dimensionality 18
Allometry 2 1
Departure Models 3 1
Proportional Lower Extremity Length 3 7
Extremity and Segment Shape 3 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 2 - JUMPING . ........ .. ........ . . .. .... . . . . ....... ... . ..... . .... .... . . . 45
Kinetics of Jumping 45
....... .. . . . . ..... . . . . ........... . . . .... .... . ... . ... . .
Dimensionality of Jumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7
Allometry of Jumping 6 2
Human Vertical Jump Research 7 3
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 73
THE VERTICAL JUMP AS A TEST OF POWER 80
POSITIONAL STAGES OF A VERTICAL JUMP 84
KINETIC PHASES OF A VERTICAL JUMP 8 5
KINETIC AND TEMPORAL FACTORS 90
SEGMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS 95
THE COUNTER MOVEMENT EFFECT 99
ARM SWINGS 110
MUSCLE FIBRE TYPE AND VERTICAL JUMPS 113
PSYCHOLOGICAL/MOTIVATIONALF ACTORS 113
WARM-UP AND FATIGUE EFFECTS 113
ANTHROPOMETRY AND JUMPING 116
QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED 128
Chapter 111 - METHODS AND PROCEDURES 129
Section 1 - SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH PURPOSE 129
Section 2 - DESIGN OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT 131
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