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KROEBER ANTHROPOLOGY RACE•LANGUAGE•CULTURE PSYCHOLOGY • PREHISTORY HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY New York COPYRIGHT, 1923, 1948, BY HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY, INC. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be re¬ produced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. [f-4-52] A. L. kroeber: anthropology New Edition, Revised 1948 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Contents CHAPTER ONE: WHAT ANTHROPOLOGY IS ABOUT I. ANTHROPOLOGY, BIOLOGY, HISTORY 2. ORGANIC AND SOCIOCULTURAL ELEMENTS 3. ORGANIC OR “PHYSICAL” ANTHROPOLOGY 4. SOCIOCUL¬ TURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 5. EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES AND EVOLUTIONIS¬ TIC FANCIES 6. SOCIETY AND CULTURE 7. ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES CHAPTER TWO: MAN’S PLACE IN NATURE 8. ANTECEDENTS TO MAN’S DEVELOPMENT 9. MANY-CELLED PROBLEMS: MOUTPIS, VENTS, HEADS, TAILS 10. SIZE, BONE, LIMBS II. BODY TEM¬ PERATURE AND VISION 12. NERVES AND BRAIN 13. SEX 14. WATER, LAND, AIR 15. SLEEP AND PLAY l6. AGE AND YOUTH 17. SOCIALIZATION l8. THE SOCIAL INSECTS 19. TWO CONVERGENT SOCIALIZATIONS: ANTS AND TERMITES 20. ANIMAL COMMUNICATION 21. THE PRIMATE ORDER IN WHICH MAN IS RANGED 22. MONKEYS 23. APES 24. THE ORANG¬ UTAN 25. THE CHIMPANZEE 26. THE GORILLA 27. MAN AMONG THE ANTHROPOIDEA 28. ANTICIPATIONS OF CULTURE AMONG APES: INVENTION 29. OTHER POSSIBLE FORESHADOWINGS OF CULTURE 30. HUMAN SPECIALI¬ ZATIONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONS 31. THE UNKNOWN ORGANIC BASIS OF THE FACULTY FOR CULTURE 32. SPECIALIZATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH POSTURE 33. BRAIN SIZE 34. SPECIALIZATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SELF¬ DOMESTICATION 35. GENERALIZED HUMAN TRAITS CHAPTER THREE: FOSSIL MAN 36. NATURE OF THE FOSSIL STORY 37. PITHECANTHROPUS 38. SINAN¬ THROPUS 39. HEIDELBERG MAN 40. THE PILTDOWN FORM 41. AFRICAN- THROPUS 42. THE AUSTRALOPITHECUS GROUP 43. SUMMARY OF PROTO- ANTHROPIC FORMS 44. PALAEOANTHROPIC FORMS: NEANDERTAL MAN, CLASSIC PHASE 45. NEANDERTAL MAN: INTERGLACIAL OR EASTERN PHASE 46. PALESTINIAN MAN 47. RHODESIAN MAN 48. SOLO MAN 49. NEAN- THROPIC RACES: CRO-MAGNON 50, NEANTHROPIC MAN IN NORTH AFRICA: AFALOU 51. NEANTHROPIC RACES IN SOUTH AND EAST AFRICA 52. NEAN- IV CONTENTS THROPIC RACES IN ASIA AND OCEANIA 53. SUMMARY OF HUMAN FOSSIL DEVELOPMENT 54. SOME DOUBTFULS 55. THE METRIC EXPRESSION OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 56. MORE MEASURE COMPARISONS 57. BRAIN SIZE CHAPTER FOUR: LIVING RACES 58. RACE ORIGINS 59. RACE CLASSIFICATION 60. TRAITS ON WHICH CLAS¬ SIFICATION RESTS 6l. THE GRAND DIVISIONS OR PRIMARY STOCKS 62. CAUCASIAN RACES 63. MONGOLOID RACES 64. NEGROID RACES 65. POPU¬ LATIONS OF DOUBTFUL POSITION 66. CONTINENTS AND OCEANS 67. HIS¬ TORY OF THE CONTINENTAL AND THE THREEFOLD CLASSIFICATIONS 68. FINER SUBDIVISIONS OF THE WHITE RACE 69. TRAIT DISTRIBUTIONS 70. THE DENIKER, HUXLEY, AND BOAS SCHEMES 71. THE POLISH, VON EICK- STEDT, AND HOOTON CLASSIFICATIONS 72. BLOOD GROUPS AND GENES 73. EFFECTS OF SELF-DOMESTICATION 74. SELECTIVE FACTORS 75. PLASTICITY 76. THE HOLOGENETIC THEORY 77. ENDOCRINE THEORIES OF RACE 78. THE FINE-COARSE-TYPE THEORY 79. CONSTITUTIONAL TYPES 80. RACE, NATIONALITY, AND LANGUAGE CHAPTER FIVE: PROBLEMS OF RACE DIFFERENCE 8l. QUESTIONS OF ENDOWMENT AND THEIR VALIDITY 82. ANATOMICAL EVIDENCE ON EVOLUTIONARY RANK 83. PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES 84. INCIDENCE OF DISEASES 85. SPECIALTIES OF NEGRO PATHOLOGY 86. ACHIEVEMENT AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 87. TESTS ON THE SENSE FACULTIES 88. INTELLIGENCE TESTS 89. STATUS OF HYBRIDS 90. EVI¬ DENCE FROM THE CULTURAL RECORD OF RACES 91. EMOTIONAL BIAS AGAIN 92. SUMMARY CHAPTER SIX: LANGUAGE 93. LINGUISTIC RELATIONSHIP: THE SPEECH FAMILY 94. CRITERIA OF RELATIONSHIP 95. SOUND EQUIVALENCES AND PHONETIC LAWS 96. THE PRINCIPAL SPEECH FAMILIES 97. CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES BY TYPES 98. PERMANENCE OF LANGUAGE AND RACE 99. THE BIOLOGICAL AND HIS¬ TORICAL NATURES OF LANGUAGE 100. PROBLEMS OF THE RELATION OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE 101. PERIOD OF THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE 102. SPEECH, CULTURE, AND NATIONALITY IO3. RELATIVE WORTH OF LAN¬ GUAGES 104. SIZE OF VOCABULARY 105. QUALITY OF SPEECH SOUNDS