Anthropology: A Global Perspective

672 Pages·2011·40.124 MB·English

by  Raymond Scupin Ph.D., Christopher R. DeCorse

Why Do You Need This New Edition?
If you’re wondering why you should buy this new edition
of Anthropology, here are some good reasons!
1. New Anthropologist at Work box called “Google Earth and
Armchair Archaeology” that introduces students to state-of-the-
art research by Scott Madry who uses the Internet in archaeology.
2. New Critical Perspectives box in the chapter on Primates called
“What’s in a name? Primate Classifi cation and Taxonomy”
in order to discuss the debates regarding hominid/hominim
classifi cations.
3. Revised and expanded the discussion of the genetic evidence and
evolutionary models for the emergence of Homo sapiens with
new illustrations.
4. Completely revised and updated the discussion of early hominid
behavior, especially with respect to primate models.
5. New Critical Perspectives Box called “Could Early Hominids
Speak? The Evolution of Language” illustrating the new research
on the FOX2P gene and other related fi ndings in this area.
6. New Anthropologist at Work boxes illustrating current research
directions of various cultural anthropologists exploring food
and culture issues, the deindustrialization of the United States,
terrorism, and religious fundamentalism.
7. New discussions of Pierre Bourdieu on enculturation and Tanya
Luhrmann’s research on U.S. psychiatry to the chapter on
Psychological and Cognitive Anthropology.
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A
nthropology
A Global Perspective
Seventh Edition
Raymond Scupin
Lindenwood University
Christopher R. DeCorse
Syracuse University

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Scupin, Raymond.
Anthropology : a global perspective / Raymond Scupin, Christopher R. DeCorse.—7th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-205-18102-5
1. Anthropology. I. DeCorse, Christopher R. II. Title.
GN25.S39 2011
301—dc23
2011023658
Student Version
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-10: 0-205-18102-3
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-18102-5
Instructor’s Review Copy
ISBN 10: 0-205-18206-2
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-18206-0
A la Carte Version
ISBN 10: 0-205-18211-9
IBSN 13: 978-0-205-18211-4
BRIEF CONTENTS
PART 1 Basic Concepts in Anthropology
Chapter 1 Introduction to Anthropology 1
Chapter 2 The Record of the Past 19
Chapter 3 Evolution 44
PART 2 Physical Anthropology
Chapter 4 The Primates 68
Chapter 5 Hominid Evolution 93
Chapter 6 Human Variation 120
PART 3 Archaeology
Chapter 7 Paleolithic Cultures 140
Chapter 8 The Origins of Domestication and Settled Life 166
Chapter 9 The Rise of the State and Complex Society 190
PART 4 Basic Concepts of Culture and Society
Chapter 10 Culture 211
Chapter 11 The Process of Enculturation: Psychological and Cognitive Anthropology 299
Chapter 12 Language 255
Chapter 13 Anthropological Explanations 279
Chapter 14 Analyzing Sociocultural Systems 296
PART 5 Studying Different Societies
Chapter 15 Band Societies 319
Chapter 16 Tribes 342
Chapter 17 Chiefdoms 370
Chapter 18 Agricultural States 387
Chapter 19 Industrial States 405
PART 6 Consequences of Globalization
Chapter 20 Globalization, Culture, and Indigenous Societies 432
Chapter 21 Globalization in Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean 461
Chapter 22 Globalization in the Middle East and Asia 489
PART 7 Anthropology and the Global Future
Chapter 23 Race and Ethnicity 516
Chapter 24 Contemporary Global Trends 537
Chapter 25 Applied Anthropology 564
v
CONTENTS
Preface xiv How Does Evolution Occur? 58
About the Authors xviii Speciation 58 /Adaptive Radiation 59
The Evolution of Life 60
PART 1 Basic Concepts in Anthropology Analogy and Homology 60 /Blood Chemistry and
DNA 60 /Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift 6 2 /
(cid:2) Chapter 1 Introduction to Anthropology 1 The Paleontological Record62
Anthropology: The Four Subfields 2 Summary 66 /Questions to Think About 67 /Key Terms 67
Physical Anthropology2 /Archaeology 6 /Linguistic
Anthropology7 /Cultural Anthropology or Ethnology 7 / PART 2 Physical Anthropology
Applied Anthropology9
(cid:2) Chapter 4 The Primates 68
Holistic Anthropology, Interdisciplinary Research,
and the Global Perspective 11 Primate Characteristics 69
Anthropological Explanations 11 Movement and Locomotion 69 /Dentition, Eyesight,
The Scientific Method13 /Anthropology and Brain Size 70 /Reproduction and Maturation 71
and the Humanities 14 Classification of Primates 71
Why Study Anthropology? 17 Primate Subdivisions 71 /Classification of Fossil Primates 72
Critical Thinking and Global Awareness 17 Evolution of the Primate Order 7 4
Summary 18 /Questions to Think About 18 /Key Terms 1 8 Prosimians 74 /Evolution of the Anthropoids 76 /
Emergence of the Hominoids 79 /Modern Apes 85
Primate Behavior 87
(cid:2) Chapter 2 The Record of the Past 1 9
The Human Primate 91
Answering Questions 21
Summary 91 /Questions to Think About 92 /Key Terms 92
Paleoanthropological Study 21
Fossils and Fossil Localities 23 (cid:2) Chapter 5 Hominid Evolution 93
Archaeological Research 2 6 Trends in Hominid Evolution 94
The Archaeological Record 26 /Locating Sites28 / Bipedalism 95 /Reduction of the Face, Teeth,
Archaeological Excavation31 and Jaws 97 /Increase in Cranial Capacity 98
Dating Methods 34 Fossil Evidence for Hominid Evolution 98
Relative Dating 34 /Numerical, or Absolute, Dating 38 / The Oldest Hominids 98 / Early Hominids from Ka-
napoi and East Turkana 100 / Australopithecus
Interpretations about the Past 41
afarensis 100 / The Laetoli Footprints 101 /
Summary 41 /Questions to Think About 42 /Key Terms 43
Australopithecus africanus 102 / Branches on the
Family Tree 103 / The Origins of Genus Homo 105 /
Homo erectus 106
(cid:2) Chapter 3 Evolution 44
Interpreting the Fossil Record 108
Cosmologies and Human Origins 45
Changing Views 108 /Current Perspectives 110 /Genetic
Western Traditions of Origin 45
Differences and Hominid Evolution 112
The Scientific Revolution 46
From H omo erectus toHomo sapiens 112
Catastrophism versus Uniformitarianism 47
Transitional Forms 113
Theories of Evolution 48
The Evolution ofHomo sapiens 113
Darwin, Wallace, and Natural Selection 49 /
Replacement Model 113 /Multiregional Evolutionary
Examples of Natural Selection 50
Model 114 / Hybridization and Assimilation Models 114 /
Principles of Inheritance 51 Genetic Data and Modern Human Origins 115
Mendel and Modern Genetics 51 /Molecular Genetics 53 Archaic H omo sapiens 116
Population Genetics and Evolution 56 Homo sapiens neanderthalensis 116
Mutations56 /Gene Flow 57 /Genetic Drift 57 / Summary 118 /Questions to Think About 119 /
Natural Selection 57 Key Terms 119
vi
Contents (cid:3) vii
(cid:2) Chapter 6 Human Variation 120 Origins of Food Production: The Neolithic
Period 172
Sources of Human Variation 121
Plant and Animal Domestication 172
Genetics and Evolution 121 /The Physical Environment 122 /
Culture 122 /Evaluating Reasons for Variation 122 Why Did Domestication Occur? 175
Adaptive Aspects of Human Variation 122 The Oasis Theory 175 /The Readiness Hypothesis 175 /
Population Models 176 /Human Selection and the
Body Hair 123 /Skin Color 123 /Body Build 124 /Cranial
Environment 176 /Coevolution 177 /Agricultural
and Facial Features 125 /Biochemical Characteristics 125 /
Origins in Perspective 177
Sickle-Cell Anemia 126 /Lactase Deficiency 127
Domestication in Different Regions of the World 177
Effects of the Physical Environment 128
Southwest Asia 177 /Europe 179 /East Asia 179 /
High-Altitude Adaptations 128
Africa 180
Cultural Diversity in Human Populations 129
The Origins of Domestication in the Americas 181
The Impact of Modern Urban Life 129
Mesoamerica 181 /South America 182 /North
The Concept of Race 129
America 184
Ancient Classification Systems 130 /Early “Scientific”
Consequences of Domestication 185
Studies of Race 130 /Limitations of Classification
Population Growth 185 /Health and Nutrition 185 /
Systems 132 /Geographical Races 133
Increasing Material Complexity 185 /Increasing Social
Alternative Approaches to Human Variation 134
Stratification and Political Complexity 187
Clinal Distribution 134 /Multivariate Analysis 135
Summary 188 /Questions to Think About 188 /Key Terms 189
Heredity and Intelligence 135
Measuring Intelligence 135 /WhatDo Intelligence Tests
(cid:2) Chapter 9 The Rise of the State and
Measure? 137
Complex Society 190
Summary 138 /Questions to Think About 138 /Key Terms 139
The State and Civilization 191
Types of Political Systems 192 /Agricultural States 192
PART 3 Archaeology
Studying Complex Societies 193
(cid:2) Chapter 7 Paleolithic Cultures 140 Settlement Patterns and Organization 193 /Monumental
Architecture 194 /Specialization 195 /Status and Social
Lifestyles of the Earliest Hominids 141
Ranking 195 /Trade and Exchange 196 /The Archaeology
Primate Models of Early Hominid Behavior 141 / of Religion 196 /Written Language 197
The Archaeological Record 142 /Oldowan Sites
Theories about State Formation 198
and Early Hominid Behavior 144
Integrationist Perspectives 198 /Conflict Theories 199 /
The Life and Times of Genus H omo 148
Perspectives on State Formation 200
The Archaeological Record and the Acheulean
States in Different World Areas 200
Industry 149
Civilizations in Southwest Asia 201 /Agricultural
The Middle Paleolithic 153
Civilizations in Africa 201 /Early Asian
Changes in Technology and Subsistence 154 / Civilizations 203 /Empires of the Americas 204 /
The Neandertals 155 Andean Civilizations 206
Modern H omo sapiens and Their Cultures 156 The Collapse of State Societies 206
The Material Record ofHomo sapiens 156 /Ethnicity Reasons for Collapse 207
and Social Organization 158 /Upper Paleolithic Art 158
Summary 209 /Questions to Think About 209 /Key Terms 210
The Migration of Upper Paleolithic Humans 159
Upper Paleolithic Hunters in the Americas 160 /
Homo sapiens in Asia, Australia, and Oceania 162 PART 4 Basic Concepts of Culture
and Society
Summary 164 /Questions to Think About 165 /Key Terms 165
(cid:2) Chapter 10 Culture 211
(cid:2) Chapter 8 The Origins of Domestication
and Settled Life 166 The Characteristics of Culture 212
Culture Is Learned 212
The End of the Paleolithic: Changes in Climate
and Culture 167 Symbols and Symbolic Learning 213
Epipaleolithic, Mesolithic, and Archaic Technology 167 Culture Is Shared 215
viii (cid:3) Contents
Aspects of Culture 215 Animal Communication and Human Language 259
Values 215 /Beliefs 218 /Norms 218 /Ideal Productivity 259 /Displacement 259 /Arbitrariness 259 /
versus Real Culture 220 Combining Sounds to Produce Meanings 260
Cultural Diversity 220 The Evolution of Language 260
Food and Diversity 220 /Dress Codes The Structure of Language 261
and Symbolism 223 /Ethnicity 225
Phonology 261 /Morphology 262 /Syntax 262 /
Cultural Universals 225 Semantics 263
Summary 227 /Questions to Think About 227 /Key Terms 227 Language Acquisition 263
Chomsky on Language Acquisition 264 /Sign Language
(cid:2) Chapter 11 The Process of Enculturation: in Nicaragua: A Case for the Innateness of Language 268
Psychological and Cognitive Language, Thought, and Culture 269
Anthropology 229 The Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis 269 /Weak Linguistic
Biology versus Culture 230 Relativity 270
Instincts and Human Nature 230 Historical Linguistics 271
Human Beings as Animals 230 /Instincts in Animals 231 / The Family-Tree Model 272 /Assessing Language
Instincts and Learned Behaviors 231 /Do Humans Change 272
Possess Instincts? 232 /Drives 232 /Culture versus Sociolinguistics 273
Instinct 233
Dialectal Differences in Spoken Language 273 /Honorifics
Enculturation: Culture and Personality 233 in Language 274 /Greeting Behaviors 275
Early Studies of Enculturation 233 /Childhood Acquisition Nonverbal Communication 276
of Cultural Knowledge 236
Kinesics 276 /Proxemics 277
Psychoanalytic Approaches in Anthropology 237
Summary 277 /Questions to Think About 278 /Key Terms 278
Sigmund Freud’s Influence 237
Understanding Incest Avoidance (cid:2) Chapter 13 Anthropological Explanations 279
and the Incest Taboo 238
Nineteenth-Century Evolutionism 281
Biological Explanations of Incest Avoidance 239 /
Unilineal Evolution: Tylor 281 /Unilineal Evolution:
Marital Alliance and the Incest Taboo 239 /Childhood
Morgan 282 /Unilineal Evolution: A Critique 283
Familiarity Hypothesis 239 /Incest Avoidance:
Interactionist Perspectives 240 Diffusionism 283
Enculturation and the Sex Drive 242 British Diffusionism 283 /German Diffusionism 283 /
The Limitations and Strengths of Diffusionism 283
Codes of Sexual Behavior 242 /Sexuality and
Culture 242 Historical Particularism 284
Enculturation and Cognition 243 Boas versus the Unilineal Evolutionists 284
Structuralism 243 /Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky 244 Functionalism 285
Cognitive Anthropology 245 Structural Functionalism: Radcliffe-Brown 285 /
Psychological Functionalism: Malinowski 286 /
Evolutionary Psychology 247
The Limitations of Functionalism 286
Enculturation and Emotions 248
Twentieth-Century Evolutionism 286
Culture and Mental Illness 249
Steward and Cultural Ecology 286 /The Strengths
What Is Abnormal? 250 /Culture-Specific Disorders 250 of Neoevolutionism 287 /Criticisms of Cultural
The Limits of Enculturation 252 Ecology 287
Unique Biological Tendencies 252 /Individual Variation 2 52 Cultural Materialism 288
Summary 252 /Questions to Think About 253 /Key Terms 254 Criticisms of Cultural Materialism 288
Marxist Anthropology 288
(cid:2) Chapter 12 Language 255 Evaluation of Marxist Anthropology 290
Nonhuman Communication 256 Symbolic Anthropology: A Humanistic Method
of Inquiry 290
Teaching Apes to Sign 256 /Ape Sign Language
Reexamined 257 /Ethological Research on Ape Criticisms of Symbolic Anthropology 290
Communication 258 Materialism versus Culturalism 291