Anthropoid Origins: New Visions PDF
Preview Anthropoid Origins: New Visions
ANTHROPOID ORIGINS: NEW VISIONS DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS Series Editor: RussellH.Tuttle UniversityofChicago, Chicago, Illinois This peer-reviewed book serieswillmeld the factsoforganic diversitywith the continuity ofthe evolutionaryprocess.The volumesinthisserieswillexemplifythe diversityoftheo retical perspectivesand methodological approaches currently employed by primatologists and physicalanthropologists.Specificcoverageincludes:primate behavior in natural habi tats and captive settings: primate ecology and conservation; functional morphology and developmental biologyofprimates;primate systematics;geneticand phenotypicdifferences among livingprimates;and paleoprimatology. ALLAPES GREATAND SMALL VOLUME 1:AFRICAN APES Edited byBirute M. F.Galdikas,NancyEricksonBriggs,Lori K.Sheeran, GaryL.Shapiro and Jane Goodall THE GUENONS: DIVERSITY AND ADAPTATION IN AFRICAN MONKEYS Edited byMary E. Glenn and Marina Cords ANIMAL BODIES, HUMAN MINDS: APE, DOLPHIN,AND PARROT LANGUAGE SKILLS WilliamA.Hillixand Duane M. Rumbaugh COMPARATIVEVERTEBRATE COGNITION: AREPRIMATES SUPERIORTO NON-PRIMATES LesleyJ.Rogers and GiselaKaplan ANTHROPOID ORIGINS: NEWVISIONS Callum F.Rossand RichardF.Kay ANTHROPOID ORIGINS: NEW VISIONS Edited by Callum F. Ross Department ofA natomical Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook, New York and Richard F. Kay Biological Anthropology and Anatomy Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC ISBN 978-1-4613-4700-2 ISBN 978-1-4419-8873-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8873-7 Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com ©2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York in 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004 http://www.wkap.nll 10987654321 A C.LP. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Permissions for books published in Europe: [email protected] Permissions for books published in the United States of America: [email protected] To Donna Rowselland BlytheWilliams-wives, friends, and colleagues PREFACE The study ofanthropoid origins continues to be a lightning rod for research inpaleoanthropology. Issuessurroundinganthropoid originsimpact the higher leveltaxonomy ofprimates, adaptivescenariosfor basalprimate radiations, and the timing oforigination ofthe major primate clades. Basicquestions about anthropoid evolution remain unanswered. Where do anthropoids fit phyloge netically among primates? Where and when did the group originate? What functional and adaptive innovations characterize anthropoids today and what isthe adaptivesignificanceand phylogenetic history ofthese innovations? The fossil record of early anthropoid evolution has greatly improved in recent years.Developments in systematictechniques and theory, aswellasthe burgeoning molecular evidence, make this an ideal time for these fossil discoveries to be placed in the context of data on the relationships among livingprimates. There isanimproved understandingoffunction and adaptationin the visual system, brain, and masticatory apparatus, key anatomical systems where anthropoid synapomorphies are concentrated. New methods for estimating visualacuityand activitypatterns in fossil primates are providing insights into the evolution ofthe visualsystem.The rapid accumulation ofinformation on color vision in primates, including new genetic evidence ofpossible trichro macyinstrepsirrhines, and new behavioraldata on the benefitsofcolor vision, makes this an exciting time to evaluate the role of chromatic perception in anthropoid evolution. Researchinto the primate visualsystem byneuroscien tistshasgenerated aplethoraofimportantdata in recent years,making this an idealtime to bring these researchers together with anthropologists. Primate behaviorists and ecologists are developing new models to explain the origins ofgroup livingin primates, and anthropoids provide an excellent test oftheseideas.The fossil record ofearlyanthropoidsallowstesting ofthese models, revealingnoveltrait combinations that canprovide criticalfalsification ofthese models and suggest the sequence in which current trait associations haveevolved. Vll Vlll Preface With these issues in mind, we brought together some of the leading researchersinto the paleontology, systematics,and functional morphology of primates at Powdermill Nature Reserve in Pennsylvania from April 19-21, 2001. Thirty-five individuals attended the conference, including two from Myanmar, two from Japan, two from France, one from Germany, and one from Thailand. The remaining participants (including fivegraduate students) were from the United States. The meeting wasstimulating, lively, and productive, with afertile, free and frank exchange ofideas between people from severaldisciplines. These chap ters derivein largepart from that conference and subsequent discussions. Various individuals and organizations contributed significandy to this project and we wishto thank them. BlytheWilliams originallysuggested that such asymposiumwould be timely. Funding for the conference wasprovided by a National Science Foundation Group TravelAward Grant through NSF Physical Anthropology (BCS 0104892); Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Inc.; the Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University;and the Department ofBiologicalAnthropology and Anatomy at Duke University. Wesincerelyappreciatethe effortsofTheresaRohallandthe restofthe staff at Powdermill Nature Reservein Pennsylvania who worked especiallyhard to makeour stayapleasantand productive one. The quality of this volume reflects the hard work and dedication of the contributors, the reviewers, our editor at KluwerAcademic/Plenum, Andrea Macaluso and our Production Editor, Felix Portnoy. Nearly a decade has elapsed since the last conference and volume devoted to the subject of Anthropoid Origins in 1992 and 1994. Wehope that this volume isasuseful and stimulating asits predecessor. Hopefully the next decade willbe aspro ductive asthe last. CallumF. Ross RichardF.Kay CONTENTS Contributors xxv PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Evolving Perspectives ofAnthropoidea Callum F. RossandRichardF.Kay Essentialism 3 Rationalism 4 Parallelism 7 "IntentionalVagueness" 13 PhylogeneticHypotheses: From Vagueness to Precision 15 IsAnthropoidea aMonophyletic Group, and what areits SynapomorphicFeatures? 15 To which Group ofFossilor Extant Primatesis Anthropoidea most CloselyRelated? 17 Arethere AsianEoceneAnthropoids? 19 OriginsofCrown Anthropoids 20 AdaptiveExplanationsforAnthropoid Origins 21 Cartmill 21 Cachel 23 Rosenberger 24 Ross 24 Hylanderand Ravosa 26 Function and PhylogenyinAnthropoid Evolution 27 Acknowledgments 30 References 30 IX x Contents PART 2: ANTHROPOID EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS 2. Molecular Phylogeny and Dating ofEarly Primate Divergences Eduardo Eizirik, WilliamJ Murphy, Mark S.Springer, J and Stephen QJBrien Introduction 45 The Position ofPrimatesin the MammalianTree 46 Phylogenyand Dating ofEarlyPrimate Divergences 48 Introduction 48 Methods 49 Resultsand Discussion 53 Phylogenetic Position ofTarsiers 53 Dating ofEarlyPrimate Divergences 56 Conclusions 60 Acknowledgments 61 References 61 3. Molecular Cladistic Markers and the Infraordinal Phylogenetic Relationships ofPrimates Jiirgen Schmitz andHansZischler Tarsius: ADisputed Splitin Primate Phylogeny 65 Retropositions asMolecular,Cladistic, PhylogeneticMarkers 67 MechanismofSINE Retroposition 67 Functional Consequences ofSINE Retropositions 67 Chromosomal Target Sites 67 Reversal ofRetropositions 68 SINE Fixation and LineageSorting 68 SINEs asEvolutionary Landmarks 69 Direct Repeats 70 Alu-SINE Markersand Primate Evolution 71 Origin and Nomenclature 71 AluSubfamilies:Successive Waves ofFixation 71 Alu-SINEsand Primate Infraorders 72 ScreeningofHuman GenBankEntries 72 PCR-Amplificationand Sequencing 72 Verification ofOrthology and Independence 73 Contents xi Infraordinal RelationshipsofPrimates and Alu-SINE Distribution 74 References 76 4. The Ancestral Genomes in Primate Phylogeny and Origins:A Molecular Cytogenetic Perspective RoscoeStanyon, GaryStone, and Francesca Bigoni Introduction 79 Chromosome Painting in Primates 81 Old World Monkeys and Apes 82 New WorldMonkeys 83 Strepsirrhines 83 Tree Shrews 85 Conclusions 86 AncestralPlacentalMammalian Karyotype 86 AncestralPrimate Karyotype 86 Genomic Landmarks for the Origin ofthe Principal DivisionsofHigher Primates 87 The Genome ofthe Tarsierand Anthropoid Origins 87 Comparative Chromosome Painting and Gene Mapping 88 References 88 5. Anthropoid Origins: A Phylogenetic Analysis RichardF. Kay, BlytheA. Williams, Callum F. Ross, MasanaruTakai, and Nobuo Shigehara Introduction 91 Questions SurroundingAnthropoid Origins 93 IsAnthropoidea aMonophyletic Group, and ifso what are its Synapomorphic Features? 93 To which Group ofFossilor Extant Primates is Anthropoidea most CloselyRelated? 94 How do AsianEocene Taxa(Eosimiidae and Amphipithecidae) Relateto Anthropoidea? 95 Howdo Eocene and Oligocene AfricanAnthropoids Relate to Platyrrhini and Catarrhini] 95 Materialsand Methods 96 Characters 96
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