Anthropoid Origins PDF
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Anthropoid Origins ADVA NCES IN PRIMAT OLOGY Series Editors: lOHN G. FLEAGLE State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York R. D. E. MACPHEE Ameriean Museum of Natural History New York, New York Editorial Board: lOHN M. ALLMAN, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California RUSSELL L. CIOCHON, University of lowa, lowa City, lewa FRAN<;:OISEJOUFFROY, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France W. PATRICK LUCKETT, University of Puerto Rieo, Sanluan, Puerto Rieo LAWRENCE B. MARTIN, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York CAREL P. VAN SCHAlK, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Current Volumes in the Series: ANTHROPOID ORIGINS Edited by John G. Fleagle and Richard F. Kay COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS OF TREE SHREWS Edited by W. Patrick Luckett EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY OF THE NEW WORLD MONKEYS AND CONTINENTA L DRIFT Edited by Russell L. Ciochon and A. Brunetto Chiarelli NEW INTERPRETATIONS OF APE AND HUMAN ANCESTRY Edited by Russell L. Ciochon and Robert S. Corruccini NURSERY CARE OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES Edited by Gerald C. Ruppenthal PRIMATES AND THEIR RELATIVES IN PHYLOGENETIC PERSPECTIVE Edited by Ross D. E. MacPhee SENSORY SYSTEMS OF PRIMATES Edited by Charles R. Noback SIZE AND SCALING IN PRIMATE BIOLOGY Edited by William L. Jungers SPECIES, SPECIES CONCEPTS, AND PRIMATE EVOLUTION Edited by William H. Kimbel and Lawrence B. Martin A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. Anthropoid Origins Edited by JOHN G. FLEAGLE State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York and RICHARD F. KAY Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Llbrary of Congress Cataloglng-ln-Publicatlon Data Anthropoid origins I edited by John G. Fleagle and Riehard F. Kay. p. e •. -- (Advances in primatologyl Revised papers froN a conferenee held at Duke University. May 1992. Ineludes bibliographieal referenees and index. 1. Primates--Evolution--Congresses. 2. Primates. Fossil- -Congresses. I. Fleagle. John G. 11. Kay. Riehard F. Irr. Series. OL737.P9A64 1994 599.80438--dc20 94-43006 CIP ISBN 978-1-4757-9199-0 ISBN 978-1-4757-9197-6 (eBook) DOIlO.1007/978-1-4757-9197-6 ©1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1994. Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1s t edition 1994 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Dedicated to Elwyn L. Simons Who over the past thirty-five years invented paleoprimatology as a discipline, and whose ongoing discoveries in Egypt continue to set the agenda for studies of anthropoid origins Contributors K. Christopher Beard John G. Fleagle Section of Vertebrate Paleontology Department of Anatomical Sciences Carnegie Museum of Natural History School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Health Sciences Center State University of New York Thornas M. Bown Stony Brook, New York 11794 Paleontology and Stratigraphy Branch U.S. Geological Survey Susan M. Ford Denver, Colorado 80225 Department of Anthropology Southern Illinois University Malt Cartrnill Carbondale, Illinois 62901 Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy Jens Lorenz Franzen Duke University Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg Durham, North Carolina 27710 D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Prithijit S. Chatrath Daniel L. Gebo Duke University Primate Center Department of Anthropology Durham, North Carolina 27706 Northern Illinois University DeKalb, Illinois 60115 Russell L. Ciochon Departments of Anthropology and Philip D. Gingerieh Pediatric Dentistry Museum of Paleontology University of Iowa University of Michigan Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 Herbert H. Covert Mare Godinot Department of Anthropology Laboratoire de Paleontologie University of Colorado Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution Boulder, Colorado 80309-0233 Universite Montpellier II F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Marian Dagm"to Department of Cell and Molecular Patrieia A. Holroyd Biology Department of Biological Northwestern University Medical Anthropology and Anatomy School Duke University Chicago, Illinois 60611, and Durham, North Carolina 27710, and Department of Mammalogy U.S. Geological Survey American Museum of Natural History Denver, Colorado 80225 New York, New York 10024 vii viii CONTRIBUTORS William L. Hylander Kenneth D. Rose Department of Biological Department of Cell Biology and Anthropology and Anatomy Anatomy Duke University Medical Center Johns Hopkins University School of Durham, North Carolina 27710 Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Richard F. Kay Department of Biological Callum Ross Anthropology and Anatomy Department of Biological Duke University Anthropology and Anatomy Durham, North Carolina 27710 Duke Universitv Durham, Nortl~ Carolina 27705 Mary C. Maas Present address: Department of Biological Department of Anatomical Sciences Anthropology and Anatomy School of Medicine Duke University Health Sciences Center Durham, North Carolina 27710 State University of New York Stony Brook, New York 11794 R. D. E. MacPhee Department of Mammalogy Elwyn L. Simons American Museum of Natural History Duke Primate Center New York, New York 10024 Duke University Durham, North Carolina 27705 D. Tab Rasmwsen Department of Anthropology Blythe A. Williams Washington University Department of Anthropology St. Louis, Missouri 63130 University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309 Matthew J. Ravosa Present address: Department of Biological Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy Anthropology and Anatomy Duke University Medical Center Duke University Durham, North Carolina 27710 Durham, North Carolina 27710 Present address: Department of Ceil and Molecular Biology Northwestern University Medical School Chicago, IIIinois 60611-3008, and Department of Zoology Division of Mammals Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, IIIinois 60605-2496 Preface This volume brings together information about recent discoveries and current theories concerning the origin and early evolution of anthropoid primates monkeys, apes, and humans. Although Anthropoidea is one of the most dis tinctive groups of living primates, and the origin of the group is a frequent topic of discussion in the anthropological and paleontological literature, the topic of anthropoid origins has rarely been the foeus of direct discussion in primate evolution. Rather, diseussion of anthropoid origins appears as a ma jor side issue in volumes dealing with the origin of platyrrhines (Ciochon and Chiarelli, 1980), in discussions about the phylogenetic position of Tarsius, in descriptions of early anthropoid fossils, and in descriptions and revisions of various fossil prosimians. As a result, the literature on anthropoid origins has a long history of argument by advocacy, in which scholars with different views have expounded individual theories based on a small bit of evidence at hand, often with little consideration of alternative views and other types of evidence that have been used in their support. This type of scholarship struck us as a relatively unproductive approach to a critical issue in primate evolution. We hoped that by bringing together scholars with expertise in different areas of primate evolution and often divergent views of this issue, we could generate a common focus and broader awareness, in order to sort out areas of general agreement, areas of great disagreement, and areas of acknowledged igno rance. In doing so we would be in a better position to either resolve the quest ion of anthropoid origins or at least set the stage for more fruitful discussion of the topic in future years. To this end, in May 1992, we joined with Professor Elwyn Simons, Scien tific Director ofthe Duke University Primate Center, to organize a conference and workshop on Anthropoid Origins at Duke University. Through four days of presenting papers, diseussing anthropoid origins, examining new fossils, and watching lemurs, all ofthe participants gained a better knowledge ofboth the available fossil material, much of it unpublished at the time, and the views of the other participants. Following the conference, many of the participants ix X PREFACE wrote up and submitted manuscripts on various aspects of anthropoid ori gins; these were sent to other participating scientists as weIl as "outside" scholars for peer revieW. The manuscripts were revised, often drasticaIly, before they were accepted for publication in the volume. As a result the papers contained here reflect the combined input of many researchers and demonstrate real progress in addressing the question of anthropoid origins. The problem of anthropoid origins is not a single issue, but a wide range of issues. These obviously include the phylogenetic origin of anthropoids (What is the sister taxon of anthropoids?), the geographical origin of the group (Where did anthropoids first evolve?), and the less frequently ad dressed problem of the adaptations of the earliest anthropoids (Did the origin of anthropoids involve a major adaptive shift in primate evolution, or so me "keystone adaptation"?). But, in addition, the question includes sorting out the phylogenetic relationships (and adaptations) of an increasing diversity of extinct species that appear to be near the border between prosimians and anthropoids. While the origin of anthropoids may appear to be a single point in a cladogram of living primates, the stern between the earliest anthropoid and the subsequent divergence of modern anthropoid groups could, and almost certainly did, contain dozens of extinct taxa possessing a variety of combinations of "anthropoid" features. The anthropoid tree is much bushier at the base than the diversity of modern taxa would indicate. This volume addresses these many aspects of anthropoid origins from a variety of perspectives. So me chapters consider anthropoid origins from the perspective of the prosimians that preceded and perhaps gave rise to higher primates. Some take an anthropoid perspective to describe the early anthro poid radiation and "look back" to see where the group may have come from. They examine hoth prosimians and anthropoids using cranial, dental, or postcranial features. The authors have been encouraged to compare and contrast their results with those of others in the volume so that both individu ally and collectively they strive for some degree of synthesis. This volume has benef'ited from the contributions of many persons and institutions. Funding for the conference was provided in part by the LSB Leakey Foundation, The Wenner-Gren Foundation, The National Science Foundation, Duke University, and the State University of New York. The conference and the volume would not have been possible without the many contributions of Dr. Elwyn Simons, who as scientist, host, and mentor to many of the participants laid the base for most of the research included in the volume. Ken Glander, Prithijit Chatrath, Friderun Ankel-Simons, Todd Rae, Mario Gagnon, Irene Lofstrum, Gay Gaster, and Rachael Hougam were in strumental in making the conference a success. Todd Rae, Walter Hartwig, Joan KeIly, and Kaye Reed made herculean efforts in putting together the chapters that make up the volume. Many of our colleagues aided in reviewing the manuscripts. Most of all, however, this volume reflects the willingness of our colleagues to share their time, their thoughts, their diverse skills, and
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