Anthropogenic Geomorphology: A Guide to Man-Made Landforms PDF
Preview Anthropogenic Geomorphology: A Guide to Man-Made Landforms
Anthropogenic Geomorphology · · József Szabó Lóránt Dávid Dénes Lóczy Editors Anthropogenic Geomorphology A Guide to Man-Made Landforms 123 Editors JózsefSzabó LórántDávid DepartmentofPhysicalGeography DepartmentofTourismandRegional andGeoinformatics Development UniversityofDebrecen KárolyRóbertCollege Egyetemter.1 Mátraiút36 Debrecen4010 Gyöngyös3200 Hungary Hungary [email protected] [email protected] DénesLóczy DepartmentofEnvironmentalGeography andLandscapeConservation InstituteofEnvironmentalSciences UniversityofPécs Ifjúságútja6 7624Pécs Hungary [email protected] Thisbookisbasedonthemonograph“Antropogéngeomorfológia”publishedinHungarian bytheUniversityofDebrecen,Hungary,in2006. TranslatedbyZoltánBaros,DénesLóczyandPéterRózsa Technicaleditor:ZoltánBaros ISBN978-90-481-3057-3 e-ISBN978-90-481-3058-0 DOI10.1007/978-90-481-3058-0 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010920469 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2010 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwritten permissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurpose ofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword Anthropogenic geomorphology is the study of the role of humans in creating landforms and modifying the operation of geomorphological processes such as weathering,erosion,transportanddeposition.Asthehumanpopulationrises,new landsandresourcesareexploited,andnewtechnologiesareadopted,theimpactof humansgrowsevergreater.Somelandformsareproducedbydirectanthropogenic actions.Thesetendtoberelativelyobviousinformandarefrequentlycreateddelib- eratelyandknowingly.Theyincludelandformsproducedbyconstruction(e.g.spoil tipsfrommines),excavation(e.g.miningandquarrying),hydrologicalinterference (e.g.thebuildingofdams),farming(includingcultivation,grazingandhorticulture) andmilitaryactivities(e.g.craters). On the other hand, landforms produced by indirect anthropogenic actions are often more difficult to recognise, because they tend to involve the acceleration of natural processes rather than the operation of new ones. They result from envi- ronmentalchangesbroughtaboutinadvertentlybyhumanactions.Byremovingor modifyinglandcover–throughcutting,bulldozing,burningandgrazing–humans haveacceleratedratesoferosionandsedimentation.Sometimestheresultsofinad- vertent actions are spectacular, as for example when major gully systems develop following deforestation, extreme floods are generated by impermeable urban sur- faces, subsidence features open up when groundwater is mined, lakes become desiccatedasaresultofinter-basinwatertransfers,andmassmovementslikeland- slidesaretriggeredbyloadingofslopes.Ratesofrockweatheringmaybemodified because of the acidification of precipitation caused by accelerated sulphate and nitrate emissions or because of accelerated salinisation in areas of irrigation and vegetationclearance. There are situations where, through a lack of understanding of the operation of geomorphological systems, humans have deliberately and directly altered land- formsandprocessesandtherebyhavecausedaseriesofeventswhichwereneither anticipatednordesired.Thereare,forexample,manyrecordsofattemptstoreduce coastalerosionbyusingimposingandexpensivehardengineeringsolutions,which, far from solving erosion problems, only exacerbated them. This has profound implicationsforlandmanagement. v vi Foreword Finally, the possibility that the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere maycauseenhancedglobalwarmingincomingdecadeshasmanyimplicationsfor anthropogenicgeomorphology. Thisvaluablebookprovidesanoverviewofimpactsfrommosttypesofhuman activity,demonstratesthevalueofahistoricalapproach,andalthoughithasaspecial emphasisonHungarianresearch,providesexamplesfromallovertheworld. OxfordUniversity,UK AndrewGoudie Acknowledgements The authors and editors wish to express their gratitude to Professors Béla Kleb (Budapest)andGyörgyHahn(Miskolc),whoreadandcorrectedtheHungarianver- sionofthisvolume,fortheirconstructivecomments.Thefinancialsupportreceived fromtheHungarianOfficeforResearchandTechnologyandProRenovandaCultura HungariaeFoundationisalsogratefullyacknowledged. vii Contents PartI Introduction 1 AnthropogenicGeomorphology:SubjectandSystem . . . . . . . . 3 JózsefSzabó PartII AnthropogenicGeomorphologyandRelatedDisciplines 2 HumanImpactinaSystemsApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 AttilaKerényi 3 AnthropogenicGeomorphologyinEnvironmentalManagement . . 25 DénesLóczy 4 AnthropogenicGeomorphologyandLandscapeEcology . . . . . . 39 PéterCsorba PartIII ImpactsofVariousHumanActivitiesontheLandscape 5 Agriculture:CropCultivationandHorticulture . . . . . . . . . . . 55 JózsefLóki 6 Agriculture:GrazingLandsandOtherGrasslands . . . . . . . . . 69 CsabaTóth 7 Agriculture:CultivationonSlopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 PéterCsorba 8 Agriculture:Deforestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 ZoltánKarancsi 9 QuarryingandOtherMinerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 LórántDávid 10 Mining:ExtractionofFossilFuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 LászlóSüto˝ 11 WaterManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 JózsefSzabó ix x Contents 12 UrbanDevelopmentandAnthropogenicGeomorphology. . . . . . 179 PéterCsima 13 TransportationandIndustry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 LórántDávid,ZoltánIlyés,andZoltánBaros 14 MilitaryActivities:WarfareandDefence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 ZoltánIlyés 15 TheImpactofTourismandSportsActivities . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 LórántDávid,ZsuzsannaLontai-Szilágyi,andZoltánBaros 16 ImpactsinExtremeEnvironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 BalázsNagy PartIV AnAnthropogenicGeomorphologicalSynthesis 17 Nature and Extent of Human Geomorphological Impact–AReview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 PéterRózsa Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Contributors ZoltánBaros InstituteofAgroinformaticsandRuralDevelopment,KárolyRóbert College,Mátraiút36,3200Gyöngyös,Hungary,[email protected] PéterCsima DepartmentofLandscapeProtectionandReclamation,Corvinus UniversityofBudapest,Villányiút35–43,1118Budapest,Hungary, [email protected] PéterCsorba DepartmentofLandscapeProtectionandEnvironmental Geography,UniversityofDebrecen,Egyetemtér1,4032Debrecen,Hungary, csorbap@delfin.unideb.hu LórántDávid DepartmentofTourismandRegionalDevelopment,KárolyRóbert College,Mátraiút36,3200Gyöngyös,Hungary,[email protected] ZoltánIlyés DepartmentforCulturalandVisualAnthropology,Universityof Miskolc,3515Miskolc-Egyetemváros,Hungary,[email protected] ZoltánKarancsi DepartmentofGeographyandEcotourism,InstituteofApplied Science,FacultyofEducation,UniversityofSzeged,Boldogasszonysgt.6,6725 Szeged,Hungary,[email protected] AttilaKerényi DepartmentofLandscapeProtectionandEnvironmental Geography,UniversityofDebrecen,Egyetemtér1,4032Debrecen,Hungary, kerenyi@delfin.klte.hu ZsuzsannaLontai-Szilágyi TourismDepartment,MinistryofLocalGovernment, JózsefA.u.2–4,1051Budapest,Hungary,[email protected] DénesLóczy DepartmentofEnvironmentalGeographyandLandscape Conservation,InstituteofEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofPécs,Ifjúságútja 6,7624Pécs,Hungary,[email protected] JózsefLóki DepartmentofPhysicalGeographyandGeoinformatics,University ofDebrecen,Egyetemtér1,4032Debrecen,Hungary,jloki@delfin.klte.hu BalázsNagy DepartmentofPhysicalGeography,EötvösLorándUniversity, PázmányPétersétány1/c,1117Budapest,Hungary,[email protected] xi
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